A series has two dates that matter, the first death and the last, and the interval between them looks like a plain fact until you ask who supplied the dates. A jury dates only what it was asked to decide. A police force or a public inquiry dates what it believes. A prisoner dates what he says. The ten cases that follow keep the three apart: a span that rests on convictions is described as convicted, and one that rests on an inquiry’s conclusions, a prosecutor’s allegations or one man’s account is described as exactly that.
Samuel Little’s confessions run from 1970 to 2005, a span of 35 years. Harold Shipman’s convictions cover March 1995 to June 1998; the public inquiry that followed attributed deaths to him from 1975 in its first report and from 1971 in its last. Raul Meza Jr. was convicted of killings in January 1982, in 2019 and in 2023. None of these figures says how many people died in the interval or how continuously. Several of the men spent years in custody inside their own spans, and a long span says nothing by itself about how active anyone was.
Samuel Little holds two numbers in the record, and they measure different things. He was convicted of eight murders. He confessed to 93 killings. The FBI said in October 2019 that it believed all of his confessions were credible and described him as the most prolific serial killer in United States history [1][2]. That ranking is the Bureau’s assessment of what he said, not a court finding, and the figure of 93 rests on his own statements to a Texas Ranger who began interviewing him in 2018 [1][3].
The span of those statements is 1970 to 2005. The convictions are dated differently and cover a shorter stretch. A Los Angeles County jury convicted him on September 2, 2014, of three murders, those of Carol Alford, Audrey Nelson and Guadalupe Apodaca, women who died in 1987 and 1989; the Los Angeles Police Department had announced the charges in January 2013 after DNA linked him to the three deaths [4][5]. On September 25, 2014, he received three consecutive terms of life without parole [5]. In December 2018 he pleaded guilty in Odessa, Texas, to the 1994 murder of Denise Christie Brothers, and on August 23, 2019, the Cuyahoga County prosecutor announced his guilty pleas to the Cleveland murders of Mary Jo Peyton and Rose Evans [6][3]. Further pleas in Cincinnati brought the total to eight by the time he died on December 30, 2020, aged 80 [2][7]. The convicted killings therefore sit in the 1980s and 1990s; the earlier and later years of the 1970 to 2005 span are his account alone.
Investigators spent the next years testing that account. By December 2021 the Texas Department of Public Safety counted 62 confessions matched to victims, and on December 1 of that year the Rangers, the FBI and the Justice Department released details of 31 confessions that had not been tied to anyone, dated between 1970 and 1997 and spread over nine states [8][9]. The Rangers had also published the periods when Little was in custody for six months or more, among them May 28, 1971, to March 14, 1972, and January 15, 1998, to April 26, 2002, so that investigators could rule cases in or out [8]. Those dates matter to the length of the span: he was in custody for more than four years, from January 1998 to April 2002, and his confessed years run past that gap to 2005.
Some cases went as far as an indictment and no further. Harrison County, Mississippi, charged him in November 2018 with the 1978 murder of Julia Critchfield, after investigators interviewed him in Texas; he was never brought to Mississippi to answer it [10]. A Warren County, Kentucky, grand jury indicted him in December 2018 for the 1981 murder of Linda Sue Boards, and no trial or plea was reported [11]. In Georgia, the Bibb County Sheriff’s Office and the state’s Criminal Justice Coordinating Council announced on May 18, 2023, the name of Yvonne Pless, about 20 years old when she died in 1977, whom the release described as Little’s first Macon victim; the sheriff’s office had closed its cases there after interviewing him in Texas in 2019 [12]. None of these three was a conviction. They are listed because they show how the span was built: each date comes from a confession matched, or not matched, against a file in a different county.
A jury at Preston Crown Court convicted Harold Shipman, a family doctor in Hyde, on January 31, 2000, of murdering 15 of his patients and of forging the will of one of them, Kathleen Grundy. The killings the jury considered fall between March 1995 and June 1998 [13][14]. Mr. Justice Forbes passed 15 life sentences and told him that in his case life must mean life [13][14]. Shipman was 54. He never admitted to any killing.
That is a span of a little over three years. The inquiry chaired by the High Court judge Dame Janet Smith dated him differently, and its dating moved twice. Her first report, in July 2002, concluded that he had killed at least 215 patients between 1975 and 1998, 171 women and 44 men, aged 41 to 93 [15][16][17]. The first of those, in the inquiry’s reckoning, was Eva Lyons, 70, who died in Todmorden, West Yorkshire, in March 1975 [15]. The final report, published on January 27, 2005, went back further: it put the total at about 250 patients between 1971 and 1998, of whom 218 were positively identified, and it concluded that he had probably begun to kill within a year of leaving medical school, during his junior posts at Pontefract General Infirmary [18]. The Yorkshire Post, reporting Peter Devine’s account, set out the Todmorden evidence: Devine, a reporter there, established that Shipman signed 22 death certificates in the town, eight of them within five days in 1975, and the inquiry later judged Eva Lyons to have been unlawfully killed, six further cases suspicious and the evidence insufficient in five more [19].
These are findings of a public inquiry, not verdicts. Nobody tried Shipman for any of them, and he died before the final report appeared. The distribution across his career comes from the same findings. The Associated Press reported that the inquiry attributed 143 deaths to the years from 1992 to 1998, when he practiced alone [15]; The Week, summarizing the first report, put the figure for his years as a partner in Hyde, 1977 to 1992, at 71 [20]. The clinical audit commissioned by the Chief Medical Officer had already concluded that the excess of deaths among his patients was evident from his first years in practice and continued throughout; for the years 1987 to 1998 it counted 98 more deaths among women than expected [21].
In 1976, in the middle of that span, Shipman was convicted of drug offenses, obtaining a drug by deception and forging prescriptions, and was reported to the General Medical Council [22]. The General Medical Council took no further action after he sought treatment [22]. He returned to general practice in Hyde in 1977 [15].
He died by suicide in his cell at Wakefield prison on January 13, 2004, the day before his 58th birthday [23][24][25]. If the inquiry’s last conclusion is accepted, the years between the first death attributed to him and the last come to 27 by the inquiry’s own dates; the years of conviction are three.
Gilbert Paul Jordan, a Vancouver barber, was convicted of manslaughter in 1988 in the death of Vanessa Buckner, 27, who died after drinking with him. The court held that he had supplied her with the liquor, and the sentencing judge described him, in the words CBC News reported, as a predator who used alcohol as his deadly instrument of choice [26]. That is the only death for which he was convicted. CBC reported that the evidence in the 1988 case linked at least six other women to drinking sessions with him [26]; CBC also described Buckner as one of at least seven who died over about 20 years [27].
The totals do not agree. An APTN report put before the national inquiry into missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls in 2017 linked him to eight women, seven of them Indigenous, according to the Whitehorse Daily Star [28]. The sociologist Sharon Sullivan, writing in Atlantis in 2013, described him as a man who killed at least ten Indigenous women, which is her conclusion and not a finding of any court [29]. The literary scholar Karen Bamford, in a 2010 article on the play based on the deaths, gave the span as 1965 to 1988 and named Ivy Rose Oswald, an English-born switchboard operator who died in 1965, as the first known death linked to him; no charge was ever laid in her death [30]. On those dates the span of linked deaths is 23 years, ending in the year of the one conviction.
The deaths in between were recorded as alcohol-related deaths, and Bamford, drawing on the playwright Marie Clements, wrote that several coroners' reports called them unnatural and accidental, the phrase that became the play’s title [30]. Mary Johns, a Northern Tutchone woman from Yukon, died in July 1982, according to the Canadian Press; she was 29, and her family learned of her death from a newspaper article in 1988 [31][32]. Her family says Jordan was responsible and never answered for it. He was never charged in her death [32]. Her relatives were the first family to testify at the 2017 national inquiry [31].
The dating of what followed is unsettled. Bamford and the Raven’s Eye reviewer both give six years served; CBC dates his release to 1997 [27][30][33]. Bamford, citing the Times Colonist and the Vancouver Sun, wrote that he left prison in February 2000, began three years of probation in Victoria, and was then charged with sexual assault and other offenses that were dropped that October for lack of proof [30]. CBC reported that at 68 he was back before a Victoria court on new charges and was held after breaching a bail condition not to drink, and that at 72 he was arrested at a Winnipeg hotel on a Canada-wide warrant after leaving Vancouver Island in breach of his release terms [27][26]. He was jailed more than a dozen times after his release for breaching probation by drinking with women [26].
Volker Eckert, a long-distance truck driver from Hof, in Bavaria, confessed in November 2006 to six killings spread over 32 years. The first, by his own account, was the 1974 death of a 14-year-old schoolmate in East Germany, when he was 15. The other five were women he met on his routes in France and Spain [34][35][36]. German police arrested him on Friday, November 17, 2006, at his employer’s headquarters in Wesseling, near Cologne, on a European arrest warrant signed by a judge in Girona, in a joint operation with the Catalan police [34]. On November 22, NacióDigital reported, citing the prosecutor’s office, that he had admitted killing Miglena Petrova, 20, a Bulgarian woman, and four others, between 1999 and 2006 [34].
The dating of the five confessed deaths outside Germany is itself uneven. The Catalan site gave 1999 to 2006 in November 2006. The Argentine newspaper Diario UNO, in a 2019 profile, listed five dated deaths that began on June 25, 2001, near Chermignac in western France, and ended on November 2, 2006, at Hostalric in Catalonia [37]. The span of the confession is 32 years from 1974; the span of the five women is five years on Diario UNO’s dates and seven on the first press reports.
Eckert was never convicted. The 1987 sentence of 12 years that Diario UNO attributes to him was for attempted murder in two assaults on women in East Germany, not for a killing [37]. On July 2, 2007, the day after his 48th birthday, he died by suicide in his cell in the prison at Bayreuth while awaiting trial, and no court ever ruled on any of the six deaths [37]. German police closed their inquiry in December 2007. Diario UNO reported that investigators had linked as many as 19 victims to him, and that evidence existed that would have supported charges in nine deaths in Germany, France, Spain and Italy [37]. Neither figure has been attributed to an official source, and none of those deaths was charged. The Olive Press reported in 2006 that German police wanted to question him about at least three further deaths of women in Germany [36]. What can be said is narrower than the headline numbers: six deaths confessed, over 1974 to 2006, with the confession tested against police files and never against a jury.
Serhiy Tkach, born in 1952 in Kiselyovsk, in the Kemerovo region of Russia, was arrested in Polohy, in Ukraine’s Zaporizhzhia region, in August 2005 [38][39]. Within weeks he was confessing to killings of girls and young women that he said went back to 1980. His first count was about 80; later he said more than 100 [40][41]. His own account of the first, in Simferopol, Crimea, in 1980, was not among the episodes tried [41][40].
The trial was held in closed session before the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Court of Appeal from December 2007, and on December 23, 2008, Judge Serhiy Voloshko sentenced him to life imprisonment [42][40]. What the court held proved depends on who is reporting it. UNIAN reported at the verdict that it covered murders and attempted murders of women and girls in the Zaporizhzhia and Dnipropetrovsk regions between 1984 and 2005 [40]. Interfax-Ukraine, in 2018, described 29 murders and eight further assaults on victims who survived, with three episodes sent back for further investigation [39]; Lenta.ru and the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group gave 37 murders and eight further crimes [38][43]. The presiding judge said four of the charged murders were not proven [40]. The convicted span is therefore 1984 to 2005, 21 years; the confessed span, from 1980, is 25.
The case is remembered in Ukraine for the men who were punished in his place. Radio Svoboda reported at the verdict that nine innocent people had been punished for his crimes; Moskovsky Komsomolets and the Kharkiv group put the number of men charged or imprisoned at no fewer than ten, and Radio Svoboda reported in 2012 that twelve people had been arrested [42][41][44][45]. One, the father of a nine-year-old victim, died by suicide in detention in 2000 [41][42]. Another man, V. K., was detained two days after a 13-year-old’s death in 2003, told Gazeta po-ukrainsky in 2012 that he confessed after police threatened him and his family, and was sentenced in 2004 to 15 years; by his own count he spent four years, eight months and 13 days in custody [46][44]. In December 2013 UNIAN reported that a prosecutor and police officers were sentenced to between five and seven years for pinning Tkach’s crimes on innocent men [47]. Tkach died on November 4, 2018, in a penal colony in Zhytomyr, of heart failure according to Ukraine’s penitentiary service as reported by Lenta.ru [38][39][48].
On November 5, 2003, in a Seattle courtroom, Gary Ridgway pleaded guilty to 48 counts of aggravated first-degree murder. The counts covered 44 named women and girls and four victims who had not then been identified, all killed in King County, Washington, between 1982 and 1998, most of them between 1982 and 1984 [49][50]. Seven years later, on February 18, 2011, he pleaded guilty to a 49th count, for Rebecca Marrero, 20, and received a 49th consecutive life term; the charge had been filed on February 7 [51][52].
The convicted span is 16 years. There was no trial: the agreement spared him the death penalty in return for an accounting of every killing he had committed in the county [51]. Forensic work has since put names to victims who were unidentified in 2003: Wendy Stephens, announced in January 2021, Lori Anne Razpotnik, announced in December 2023, and Tammie Liles, announced in January 2024 [53][54][55][56]. Naming them did not move the dates of his span, which still ends in 1998.
What lies beyond the 49 is his own assertion. In interviews reported by KOMO News in 2013 he spoke of 75 to 80 victims, and authorities, reported by the Bangor Daily News, treated the new claims with skepticism [57][58]. Reports in December 2025 carried the figures of 65 to 70 and 75 to 80 and described him as held at Walla Walla [59][60]. None of these totals has been charged, tried or confirmed, and the 16 years are the only span in his case that rests on a court record.
Michael Wayne McGray pleaded guilty to murder in seven deaths between 2000 and 2011. The earliest dates to May 1, 1985, near Weymouth, Nova Scotia, when Elizabeth Gale Tucker was 17 [61][62]. The latest dates to November 2010, when he killed Jeremy Phillips, his cellmate, at a medium-security prison in Agassiz, British Columbia [63][64][65]. Between those two lie Mark Daniel Gibbons in Saint John, New Brunswick, in November 1987; Robert Assaly and Gaetan Ethier in Montreal over the Easter weekend of 1991, when McGray was out of a Quebec prison on a three-day pass [66][67]; and Joan Hicks and her daughter Nina, 11, in Moncton in 1998 [68][69][66][62]. The convicted span is 25 years, and for most of its second half he was in custody. He had been held at the Atlantic Institution in Renous, New Brunswick, from 1998 [68][67].
The order of the guilty pleas runs opposite to the order of the deaths. He was arrested in 1998 for the Moncton deaths and began to talk from segregation about older ones. CBC News reported about a year and a half after his arrest that Codiac RCMP were holding a possible serial killer who had talked while awaiting trial about other killings, and that Montreal police planned to charge him in the deaths of Assaly and Ethier [68]. In April 2000 he pleaded guilty to those two [69]. He pleaded guilty to the murder of Joan Hicks in 2000; the plea to Nina Hicks’s murder came days before his plea in the Tucker case in 2001 [61][62].
His claim was larger than his convictions. The Canadian Encyclopedia records that he said he had killed up to 16 people in Canada and the United States, most of them never substantiated, and Xtra reported his statements in May 2000 [66][62]. The Halifax Examiner places him at the Ste-Anne-des-Plaines Institution in Quebec since 2012 [67].
A document released in 2019 in the wrongful-conviction case of Glen Assoun added a name to the margins of the record. Reports by the Canadian Press and CBC said an RCMP analyst had pointed to McGray as a possible suspect in the 1995 killing of Brenda Way in Halifax, for which Assoun was convicted; the federal Minister of Justice ordered a new trial in March 2019 [70][71][72]. McGray has not been charged in her death.
When a coroner’s jury looked into Phillips’s death in October 2012, it recommended that people serving time for multiple murders should not be made to share cells [65][73].
Raul Meza Jr. pleaded guilty in 1982 to the murder of Kendra Page, an eight-year-old girl in Austin, Texas, and received a 30-year sentence [74][75]. He was 21. He surrendered to the police three days after the death, according to the Policy Review article on the Hoover Institution’s website [75]. On September 30, 2024, he pleaded guilty to the capital murder of Gloria Lofton, 65, in May 2019, and to the murder of Jesse Fraga, 80, in Pflugerville in May 2023, and received life without parole and a second life term [76][77]. The first conviction and the last killing are 41 years and four months apart.
Very little of that interval was spent free. Under the Texas law of the time, good-time credit let him out of prison in 1993 after roughly a third of his sentence, which the Associated Press put at about 11 years; protests drove him from city to city, and in August 1994 he was returned to prison for a curfew violation [77][75][78]. The Associated Press, citing what he told police in 2023, said he was released again in 2016 [74]. His convictions are therefore dated 1982, 2019 and 2023, and the years between 1982 and 2016 include two long periods behind bars.
The final span turned on a delay. DNA collected after Lofton’s death was matched to his profile in the national database in 2020; the medical examiner’s report in July 2019 had listed the cause and manner of her death as undetermined, and the death was not ruled a homicide until after he called police [79][80]. The detective who received the laboratory notice did not follow up, and an Austin police review concluded in terms KVUE reported that the detective received the information and did not follow up [79]. In May 2023, after Fraga’s death, Meza telephoned an Austin police homicide detective and confessed, and the U.S. Marshals Service arrested him on May 29 in north Austin [81][82]. A Travis County grand jury indicted him on August 10, 2023 [78].
Austin police reviewed 8 to 10 older cold cases dating to 1996 after his confession, and the department examined the possible death of a woman in March 2022; no charge in any of them has been reported [82][83]. Those cases are not part of the span. Meza himself was reported to have claimed a killing of two people in San Antonio, which has not been charged [84].
Altemio Sanchez, a Cheektowaga factory worker, married and the father of two, was arrested in Buffalo on January 15, 2007, after a joint task force matched his DNA to a series of sexual assaults on women that had gone unsolved for more than 25 years [85][86]. On May 16, 2007, he pleaded guilty to three counts of second-degree murder, those of Linda Yalem, 22, a University at Buffalo student, in September 1990; Majane Mazur, 32, in 1992; and Joan Diver, 45, in September 2006; and on August 14, 2007, Justice Christopher Burns sentenced him to 75 years to life [87][88][89][90]. The murders span 16 years.
The sexual assaults linked to him by DNA begin in 1981, which lengthens the series to 25 years, but none of those was prosecuted [91][92][93]. His lawyer stated in August 2007 that he had committed 12 to 15 rapes; the figure comes from the defense and was reported by WBFO on August 10 [93]. The older cases could not be charged: the five-year limit then in force had run, and WBFO reported in January 2007 that a change in the law removed the limit only for future rape cases [94].
His arrest ended a wrongful conviction. Anthony Capozzi, a Buffalo man diagnosed with schizophrenia, had been convicted in April 1987 of rape and sodomy counts for two assaults in 1984 in Delaware Park, and DNA matched those crimes to Sanchez instead; the convictions were vacated in April 2007 [95][92][91]. Sanchez died on September 22, 2023, aged 65, at a Buffalo hospital after he became unresponsive in his cell, and the State Commission of Correction’s final report of December 18, 2024, recorded the manner of death as suicide [96][97][90].
Dwight William Rhone, 74, of San Diego, is accused and not convicted, and no part of his series has been tried. In December 2024 he was arrested and charged over the October 13, 2023, killing of Bernardo Moreno, 54, as prosecutors allege it; on December 3, 2025, the San Diego County District Attorney’s Office named him a person of interest in an investigation in Southcrest, a neighborhood where he had once been a tenant [98][99][100]. On June 10, 2026, prosecutors charged him with three more murders: Heriberto Ruiz, whose death came to light in San Diego in December 1993; Ronald Johnken, in September 2002; and Michael Brown, whose age, date of death and cause have not been released [101][102][103]. The counts carry a special-circumstance allegation of multiple murders [101][102].
As charged, the series runs from December 1993 to October 13, 2023, almost 30 years, and the charge sheet leaves a gap of almost nine years between the first and second deaths and 21 years between the second and the last [101][102]. Brown’s place in that order is unknown. Rhone pleaded not guilty on June 10, 2026, in Chula Vista, was held without bail, and has a preliminary hearing set for March 24, 2027 [104][101]. He is presumed innocent, and none of the charges has been proved.
ABC 10News, citing court records, reported that Rhone had spent more than 30 years in prison before the murder charges, and that a 2019 filing said he had at least 17 felony and seven misdemeanor convictions since 1969 [103][105]. Prosecutors said in June 2026 that they were examining whether he was connected to other cases, among them the 1989 death of Danice Galloway and a case dating to 2021, that of Antenogenes Gomez Velasquez, a resident of the same Southcrest neighborhood; he has not been charged in either, and prosecutors did not say he was a suspect [101][106]. A cold case that might one day add 1989 to the front of his span, and 2021 to the end of it, is a possibility only, and the span stays at 1993 to 2023 until a charge says otherwise.
Set side by side, the cases measure three different things. Eckert and Little are measured by confession: 32 years for the first, 35 for the second, each tested against police files and neither proved in court. Shipman and Jordan are measured by attribution: 27 years by the Shipman Inquiry’s final dates, 23 by a scholar’s count of linked deaths. Ridgway, McGray, Meza, Sanchez and Tkach are measured by conviction: 16, 25, 41, 16 and 21 years, with the sexual assaults linked to Sanchez adding nine more by the DNA record and Meza’s span interrupted by years in prison. Little’s convictions fall within the 1980s and 1990s, and Rhone’s 30 years are charged and untried.
The widest convicted interval among those with dates on both ends is Meza’s, and it rests on three convictions. The largest totals, Shipman’s and Little’s, rest on an inquiry’s findings and on the FBI’s assessment of a prisoner’s statements, and their long spans are the attributed and the confessed ones. Years in custody sit inside several of the spans and are given where they are known. Nothing in the dates says how many deaths fell in any single year.
• 1965: Ivy Rose Oswald dies; Karen Bamford identifies her as the first known death linked to Gilbert Paul Jordan, who was never charged in it [30].
• 1970: Earliest year of Samuel Little’s confessed killings [1].
• 1971: Start of the period in which the Shipman Inquiry’s final report places Harold Shipman’s first killings [18].
• 1974: Year of Volker Eckert’s first confessed killing [34][37].
• March 1975: Eva Lyons dies in Todmorden; the Shipman Inquiry’s first report treats her as the first identified victim [15].
• 1980: Year of the first killing Serhiy Tkach later claimed, in Simferopol [41].
• 1981: First of the sexual assaults later linked to Altemio Sanchez by DNA [91][92].
• January 1982: Kendra Page dies in Austin; Raul Meza Jr. pleads guilty to murder that year [74][75].
• 1982: Start of the killings to which Gary Ridgway pleaded guilty [49][50].
• July 1982: Mary Johns dies; Jordan was never charged in her death [32].
• 1984: First year covered by Tkach’s verdict [40].
• May 1, 1985: Elizabeth Gale Tucker, 17, dies near Weymouth, Nova Scotia [61][62].
• April 1987: Anthony Capozzi is convicted in Buffalo [92].
• 1988: Jordan is convicted of manslaughter in the death of Vanessa Buckner [26].
• September 1990: Linda Yalem, a University at Buffalo student, dies [86].
• Easter weekend 1991: Assaly and Ethier die in Montreal [66].
• 1993: Meza leaves prison on good-time credit [75]; Ruiz’s death comes to light in San Diego in December [101].
• March 1995: Start of the killings for which Shipman was convicted [13][14].
• 1998: McGray arrested in Moncton [68]; Ridgway’s last counted killing [49]; Shipman’s last convicted killing, in June [14].
• January 31, 2000: Shipman convicted at Preston Crown Court [13][14].
• July 2002: Shipman Inquiry’s first report, at least 215 [15][16].
• November 5, 2003: Ridgway pleads guilty to 48 counts [49].
• January 13, 2004: Shipman dies by suicide at Wakefield [23][24][25].
• 2005: Tkach’s last convicted year [40]; the Shipman Inquiry’s final report, January 27 [18].
• November 17, 2006: Eckert arrested near Cologne [34].
• January 15, 2007: Sanchez arrested [85].
• July 2, 2007: Eckert dies by suicide in Bayreuth [37].
• December 23, 2008: Tkach sentenced to life [42][40].
• November 2010: McGray kills a cellmate in British Columbia [63][64].
• February 18, 2011: Ridgway pleads guilty to a 49th murder [52].
• May 2019: Gloria Lofton dies in Austin [79].
• August 23, 2019: Little pleads guilty to Ohio murders [6].
• December 30, 2020: Little dies [7].
• September 22, 2023: Sanchez dies in custody [96][97].
• October 13, 2023: Bernardo Moreno dies in San Diego, the latest of the deaths charged against Rhone [101].
• September 30, 2024: Meza receives life without parole and a second life term [76][77].
• June 10, 2026: Rhone pleads not guilty to three added counts [101][104].