Most serial cases end with a count that is argued over: how many, which ones, and which a court was ever asked to decide. These cases sit at the edge of that count. Each began as a single killing that police could not close, sometimes for a few years and sometimes for nearly four decades. Each was later tied to a man already convicted of other killings, and each tie arrived late, by a laboratory result, a guilty plea or an admission. In several of them the man had died before the link was made, and no court ever heard the case. What follows keeps apart what a court decided and what police and prosecutors say, a difference that matters in every one of these files.
Vincent Groves died on October 31, 1996, at University Hospital in Denver, aged 42, in the custody of the Colorado Department of Corrections. The Denver Gazette reported that his death was attributed to health problems from liver failure and hepatitis C. He left three homicide convictions behind: the 1982 conviction for the killing of Tammy Sue Woodrum, 17, the 1990 conviction of first-degree murder in the death of Juanita Lovato, 19, and a second 1990 conviction in the death of Diann Mancera, 25. Prosecutors at the time believed he had been responsible for many more deaths of women around Denver, but the courts never decided any of them.
The Associated Press and CBS News reported that he was sentenced to life in prison for Lovato’s death and to 20 years for the second-degree murder of Mancera. The magazine 5280 reported life sentences in both cases. The Douglas County Sheriff’s Office and Denver7 date Mancera’s death to 1988; 5280 gives 1987. The sheriff’s office says the Mancera and Lovato prosecutions were among the earliest successful uses of DNA evidence in Colorado courts.
The difference between what was proved and what was believed ran through the next three decades. In 1978 Groves first came to police attention when he was questioned about the death of a 17-year-old girl in Jefferson County. He was not charged, 5280 reported, and no court has ever held him responsible. In 1979 three young women were killed in Denver: Emma Jenefor, 25, in March; Joyce Ramey, 23, in July; and Peggy Cuff, 20, in November. All three cases stayed open for more than three decades.
### The 1988 investigation and the 1989 acquittal
By the late summer of 1988, about 28 investigators from several police agencies were reviewing nearly 20 unsolved deaths of women in the Denver area that they linked to Groves, according to 5280. On September 1, 1988, police arrested him on a charge of attempted first-degree murder over an assault in March 1987 on a woman who survived. In an interview that ran past midnight he denied trying to harm her, and said she had stolen $1,600 from him. He admitted knowing many of the dead women. "It looks real bad for me," he told an investigator, 5280 reported.
At the trial in early 1989, prosecutors asked the judge to let the jury hear about eight killings that investigators linked to Groves. The judge refused. His lawyer told the jury the case rested on one woman’s word alone. On February 16, 1989, after about 90 minutes of deliberation, the jury acquitted him, 5280 reported. According to the Associated Press, the prosecutor who tried in 1988 to bring in evidence of eight other assault and homicide victims, among them Joyce Ramey, was Mitch Morrissey, who by 2012 was Denver’s district attorney.
The acquittal did not end the matter. DNA testing in Adams County linked Groves to Lovato’s death, and in Douglas County DNA from evidence in Mancera’s case matched his profile. He was convicted in both in 1990.
### The 1992 appeal
On October 8, 1992, a division of the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed a first-degree murder conviction entered against Groves on a jury verdict, People v. Groves, 854 P.2d 1310. The prosecution at that trial had been allowed to present three other incidents to show identity: a 1981 killing to which Groves had confessed, a 1982 assault on a young woman in which charges were dropped when she did not appear, and a 1988 killing in Douglas County for which, the court said, he had never been charged, but where DNA had been linked to him at odds the expert put at 8.4 billion to one.
The appeals court held that the first two were properly admitted. It held that the 1988 Douglas County homicide should not have been admitted: the shared features were too general, and nothing showed that the woman had any known connection to Groves before the DNA testing. DNA, the court wrote, is not the kind of evidence used to show a pattern between cases. The court ruled the error harmless because the rest of the evidence was strong, and it affirmed the conviction. The Colorado Supreme Court denied review on July 6, 1993.
### The Denver cold-case review
In March 2010, Sergeant Anthony Parisi of the Denver Police Department applied for a federal grant called Solving Cold Cases with DNA. The U.S. Department of Justice approved it in September 2010, and it paid for a review of more than 250 unsolved Denver murders from 1970 to 1984, according to 5280 and CBS4 in Denver. Detective Mylous Yearling joined the cold-case unit that year. Two of the cases he took up were those of Jenefor and Cuff. Suspect DNA from both had produced no match in the national CODIS database, 5280 reported. Yearling first pursued a man Jenefor had dated, and a DNA check in June 2011 cleared him.
In March 2012 the Denver District Attorney’s Office announced that its cold-case team had linked him to three unsolved killings from 1979, those of Jenefor, Ramey and Cuff, and attributed a fourth, that of Pamela Montgomery, 35, killed in Denver in August 1988, to him. Prosecutors spoke that day of as many as 20 victims; Westword later wrote of as many as 24. None of the five was ever tried. Groves had been dead for more than 15 years.
### Rhonda Marie Fisher
The last link so far came in December 2025. On December 2 the Douglas County Sheriff’s Office announced that its laboratory had matched DNA from evidence kept since 1987 to Groves in the death of Rhonda Marie Fisher, 30, a case that had sat open for 38 years. Detectives had looked at many people over the decades. An acquaintance became a person of interest early on and was later cleared. Investigators also studied several serial offenders who had been active in the Denver area from the 1970s through the 1990s. None of the leads produced a charge. Groves was long a suspect, Denver7 reported, but so was another man, and the sheriff’s office wanted DNA confirmation before closing the case.
The sheriff’s office now says that DNA and investigative leads link Groves to at least 12 homicides, an attempted murder and a sexual assault in the Denver area, and that the true number is likely higher. Those figures are the office’s own assessment, not court findings. Of the dozen, only three, the 1982 and the two 1990 cases, ended in convictions.
Richard Ramirez was a convicted offender in the fullest sense. A Los Angeles jury convicted him on all 43 counts tried on September 20, 1989, including 12 counts of first-degree murder and one of second-degree murder, for killings in Los Angeles County between June 1984 and August 1985. On November 7, 1989, he was sentenced to death. The California Supreme Court affirmed the judgment on August 7, 2006, in People v. Ramirez, and the United States Supreme Court declined review in 2007. Britannica gives his birth name as Ricardo Leyva Muñoz Ramirez and his birth date as February 29, 1960, in El Paso, Texas. He was arrested in East Los Angeles on August 31, 1985.
The conviction record covers Southern California. A killing in San Francisco in April 1984, two months before the first of the Los Angeles County cases, was not part of it. Mei Leung was 9 years old. She was killed on April 10, 1984, and the case went unsolved for 25 years. In October 2009, San Francisco police announced that DNA had linked Ramirez to her death, as the San Francisco Examiner and ABC7 News reported. He had been on death row for two decades by then. No charge was filed. Ramirez was never tried for Mei Leung’s death, and it stays a killing attributed to him by police on the strength of the DNA result, not one of his convictions.
Ramirez died on June 7, 2013, at Marin General Hospital in Greenbrae, California, aged 53. CBS San Francisco reported that the Marin County coroner attributed his death to complications of B-cell lymphoma, with hepatitis C listed as a contributing factor.
John Dwight Canaday was convicted of murdering three young women in Seattle over little more than five weeks in the winter of 1968 and 1969. Two of the killings, those of Mary Annabelle Bjornson and Lynne Carol Tuski in January 1969, were solved within weeks, after he was arrested in an unrelated abduction. A King County jury convicted him of first-degree murder in both deaths, and the Washington Supreme Court upheld the judgment on September 23, 1971, in State v. Canaday.
The first killing waited much longer. Sandra Bowman was 16, pregnant and newly married when she was killed in Seattle on December 17, 1968. The case went unsolved until a Seattle cold-case team matched DNA evidence from 1968 to Canaday’s profile in the state database. Confronted in prison in 2004, he admitted the killing and pleaded guilty, the Associated Press reported that September.
Seattle police later published a note she had left for her husband that day, a glimpse of an ordinary household. "I went shopping today," she wrote. "I have $2.40 left over. The baby is kicking, I’m sure it’s a boy. Love you, Sandy." Her husband was suspected at first, as Seattle police later acknowledged, and was eventually cleared. No one was charged. The file stayed open for 36 years.
Canaday was 24 at the time and working for the Seattle Water Department; the Associated Press reported that in 1968 he was an assistant to a pipeman. He later told detectives that he had chosen Bowman at random, according to the charging papers as the Associated Press summarized them. In a June 2004 interview he blamed a bitter divorce and spoke of "a lot of anger at myself and immaturity." When he stood trial in the summer of 1969, according to the Washington Supreme Court, he was a high school graduate and an honorably discharged Navy veteran, divorced, with two children.
### The 1969 case
Canaday came to police attention through a different case. The police arrested him on February 22, 1969, on suspicion of kidnapping a young woman, who survived and later gave a sworn statement. In custody he admitted a January 23 assault on another woman. On March 20, 1969, he gave detailed oral and written confessions to the killings of Bjornson and Tuski, and the next day signed another. The King County prosecutor filed an amended information with six counts: attempted rape and first-degree murder of Bjornson, the January 23 assault, and rape and first-degree murder of Tuski.
He went to trial on July 8, 1969, in King County Superior Court before Judge William J. Wilkins. The prosecuting attorney was Christopher T. Bayley; Phil Mahoney represented Canaday. Canaday pleaded not guilty by reason of mental irresponsibility, testified in his own defense and confirmed his confessions. Three psychiatrists had examined him in April 1969, and each concluded that he had been sane when the crimes were committed. Dr. John B. Riley, called by the defense, testified that his diagnosis excluded insanity. Judge Wilkins withdrew the insanity defense from the jury for lack of substantial evidence. The jury convicted him on the murder counts, with attempted rape in the Bjornson case and rape in the Tuski case, and he was sentenced to death.
Canaday died at the Clallam Bay Corrections Center in December 2012, aged 68, while serving three life sentences; the Peninsula Daily News headlined its report of his death with the description of him as the state’s first known serial killer.
Frank Athen Walls was 19 when two people were killed in Okaloosa County, Florida, early on July 22, 1987: Edward Alger and Ann Peterson, who lived together. Police arrested him the day after the deaths came to light, when a former roommate went to them with information, and he gave a recorded statement. He was convicted of both murders in 1988, won a new trial on appeal, and was convicted again in 1992, when a jury recommended death for Peterson’s murder by a vote of 12 to 0. The Florida Legislature’s capital case record lists the dates: a first verdict on July 18, 1988, the reversal on April 11, 1991, the retrial verdict on June 18, 1992, and an affirmance on July 7, 1994.
The double murder was not the whole of the record. Audrey Gygi was killed in May 1987, two months before Alger and Peterson; the Legislature’s record gives May 19, 1987 as the offense date of the conviction in her case. After Walls had been convicted of the Alger and Peterson murders, DNA evidence linked him to Gygi’s death. In 1994 he pleaded no contest to her murder. The plea spared him another trial and the risk of a second death sentence, the Associated Press reported, and he was sentenced to life in prison on October 5, 1994. The record lists the conviction as first-degree murder together with a burglary offense.
That plea resolved more than one file. As part of a deal with prosecutors, the Associated Press reported, Walls also admitted responsibility for two earlier deaths: Tommie Lou Whiddon in March 1985, and Cynthia Sue Condra in September 1986. No charge or conviction in either was reported. Little else has been published about either woman.
Walls stayed on death row while his lawyers argued, through a long run of state and federal appeals, that he was intellectually disabled and could not lawfully be executed. The courts rejected the claim; the Florida Supreme Court refused to halt the execution on December 12, 2025, with a dissent from Justice Labarga, and a federal appeals court refused on December 16. Governor Ron DeSantis signed the death warrant on November 18, 2025. Walls was executed at Florida State Prison near Starke on December 18, 2025, and pronounced dead at 6:11 p.m. He was 58. His was the 19th execution in Florida that year, a record for the state.
Cesar Francesco Barone was convicted of killing four women in and around Hillsboro, Oregon, between April 1991 and January 1993, according to the Oregon Supreme Court. The dates run from Margaret Schmidt on April 18, 1991, to Martha Bryant, 41, on October 9, 1992, Chantee Woodman, 23, on December 30, 1992, and Betty Lou Williams on January 6, 1993. KGW in Portland reported that he moved to Hillsboro in 1990 and began killing women there a year later.
Police arrested him in February 1993 at a tavern in Forest Grove on charges unrelated to the killings. About six months after Bryant’s death, according to the Oregon Supreme Court, police concluded he was probably responsible for it. Four state experts testified at his first trial about DNA tests, of the kinds known as PCR and RFLP, run on blood samples that linked him to the crime, and the court rejected his argument that the DNA evidence should have been struck. A Washington County jury convicted him of the aggravated murder of Bryant in December 1994, and he was admitted to death row on January 31, 1995, according to the Oregon Department of Corrections. A second Washington County trial, that began on November 6, 1995, covered the deaths of Woodman, Schmidt and Williams. The jury returned five counts of aggravated felony murder and two of felony murder, along with one count of murder returned as a lesser included offense. A second man, Leonard Darcell, was convicted of felony murder for his part in Woodman’s death, and that conviction was upheld on appeal before Barone’s second trial. The Oregon Supreme Court affirmed the two judgments against Barone on December 10, 1998, and July 29, 1999.
### Elizabeth Wasson
One death from those years was never part of any trial. Elizabeth Wasson was 82 and lived in Hillsboro; she died in 1992, in the same year as Bryant and Woodman. Barone was a suspect at the time, according to the Washington County District Attorney’s Office, but detectives could not link him directly to her death, and the case stayed open for more than three decades. Detectives in the 1990s had collected evidence that the science of the day could not test.
Barone died at the Oregon State Penitentiary on December 24, 2009, aged 49, of natural causes, with his post-conviction proceedings still under way. KGW reported his death under a headline describing an unrepentant man who kept his secrets. Murray Rau, a former Washington County Sheriff’s Office detective, told KPTV that he had a final interview with Barone in the prison infirmary, when Barone looked frail. Rau said investigators told him they knew about his medical condition and would not charge him. Barone did not confess.
In 2023 the county’s cold-case unit reexamined the file and sent physical evidence to the Oregon State Police Forensic Laboratory. Technicians produced male DNA that, in the words of the district attorney’s release, "forensically linked Mr. Barone to Mrs. Wasson’s murder." Prosecutors and the Hillsboro police announced the result on February 10, 2026. Because he died before any charge was filed, the Wasson killing has never been tried; police and prosecutors attribute it to him. Her family, the district attorney’s office said, expressed relief that the case was closed and asked for privacy.
Wilbur Lee Jennings was convicted by a Fresno County jury in 1986 of murdering four women between August 1983 and September 1984. The jury convicted him of the first-degree murders of Linda Johnson, Olga Cannon and Jacqueline Frazier and the second-degree murder of Karen Robinson, along with a list of other felonies against those women and three more victims. It acquitted him on the charges concerning one other woman and could not agree on those concerning two more. The same jury fixed his penalty at death. The trial was held before Judge Mario G. Olmos. The California Supreme Court affirmed the judgment, as modified, on April 11, 1991, in People v. Jennings, 53 Cal.3d 334.
The case against him on the four murder counts was built from several kinds of evidence, as the supreme court summarized it: physical evidence linking him and his car to the cases, property of two of the women traced to him, and witnesses who placed him with the women. His half brother told police that Jennings had admitted killing Linda Johnson and had said he killed three other women. A cellmate testified that Jennings described the killings of Johnson and Cannon to him. Jennings took the stand, denied killing any of the four, and denied making the statements the witnesses attributed to him.
### Two older cases
He stayed under sentence of death. Years after his trial, DNA testing led investigators back to him in two older cases. Neither was ever tried, and neither is part of his convictions.
In May 2008 the Fresno County sheriff, Margaret Mims, announced that DNA had connected Jennings and another man to a 1983 killing of an elderly woman near Easton, a rural community in Fresno County. KFSN-TV and KMPH-TV reported the announcement. The other man was then in a Utah prison, serving a sentence for murder, and was due for release the next year. Murder charges with special circumstances had been filed against him, and charges against Jennings were expected to follow, KFSN reported. Both men were already in custody for other crimes, the sheriff said, according to KMPH. The district attorney, Elizabeth Egan, said: "There was nothing cold about this case for the surviving family members." No trial of Jennings in that case was reported. The reports differ on details: KFSN-TV gave the woman’s age as 76 and KMPH-TV gave it as 83.
The second case came from Sacramento County. By early 2014, Jennings was awaiting trial there on a charge of murdering a 17-year-old in 1981, a killing that DNA evidence had linked to him, according to an Associated Press report carried by CBS Sacramento. He had been held in the Sacramento County Main Jail since January 2005. He died of natural causes on February 11, 2014, at 73, in custody, with the Sacramento charge still pending; the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation announced his death the next day, according to the Associated Press. Both the Easton killing and the Sacramento killing remain unproven against him in law.
Serhiy Tkach was arrested in the town of Polohy, in Ukraine’s Zaporizhzhia region, on August 5, 2005. Within weeks he was confessing to killings of girls and young women that he said went back to 1980. His first count was about 80; later he said it was more than 100. His case went to trial in closed session before the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Court of Appeal in December 2007, and on December 23, 2008, Judge Serhiy Voloshko sentenced him to life imprisonment, Radio Svoboda and UNIAN reported. Reports of how many killings the court ruled proven differ. Interfax-Ukraine wrote in 2018 that the court had proven 29 murders and eight further assaults on victims who survived, and had set three episodes aside for further investigation. Lenta.ru reported 37 murders and eight further crimes, and the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group wrote that his guilt was confirmed in 37 cases. He died in a prison colony in Zhytomyr on November 4, 2018, of heart failure, according to Ukraine’s penitentiary service as Lenta.ru reported.
Most of the court record was closed, and few details have been published about the victims. Olha Prystepa, 13, of Polohy, was killed on March 26, 2003. A young man from the town was arrested after two schoolgirls said they had seen him nearby. DNA later linked the killing to Tkach, Gazeta po-ukrainsky reported in 2012, and Tkach confessed to it.
Robert Zarinsky was convicted of one murder. In 1975 a Monmouth County jury convicted him of the first degree murder of Rosemary Calandriello, 17, of Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, who was killed in August 1969. The prosecution rested on circumstantial evidence alone, and the courts held that her death could be proved that way. He was arrested in Linden on August 27, 1969, two days after her death, on a complaint of contributing to the delinquency of a minor, which was later amended to abduction. That charge was dismissed in June 1970. He was indicted for murder on February 20, 1975, and sentenced to mandatory life imprisonment. The Appellate Division affirmed the conviction on July 20, 1976, and the New Jersey Supreme Court on November 17, 1977, in a ruling that still governs state law: murder has no statute of limitations in New Jersey.
For more than 30 years after the conviction, prosecutors in several counties looked at him again. A 2002 CBS News report said that in the 1960s he had been a suspect in arsons, vandalism and robberies, and that by the 1970s investigators had come to suspect him in a series of killings of teenage girls. Of the three cases that follow, one produced an acquittal, one an indictment that ended with his death, and one a DNA announcement made after it.
### Charles Bernoskie, 1958
Charles Bernoskie was a police officer in Rahway, in Union County. On the Thanksgiving weekend of 1958 he went out on patrol in a heavy rainstorm and was killed. The couple had five children, with a sixth on the way, his wife told CBS News decades later. About 40 years afterward, CBS reported, a tip from Zarinsky’s sister led police to his cousin, then 63 and living in Pennsylvania, whose fingerprint matched one that had gone unidentified since 1958. In 2001 a jury in Elizabeth acquitted Zarinsky of Bernoskie’s murder, and CBS reported that the jury did not hear about his history of armed robbery or his murder conviction.
### Jane Durrua, 1968
Jane Durrua was 13, of Keansburg in Monmouth County. She was killed on November 4, 1968, according to WABC-TV, and her case went unsolved for decades. Late in his life Zarinsky, then 67, was charged with her murder. He was indicted, pleaded not guilty, and died in the hospice unit of South Woods State Prison in Bridgeton in November 2008, aged 68, before the case could be tried.
### Mary Agnes Klinsky, 1965
The last link came after his death. In February 2016 the New Jersey State Police and the Monmouth County Prosecutor’s Office said that DNA evidence linked Zarinsky to the 1965 killing of Mary Agnes Klinsky, 18, of Hazlet. WABC-TV, the Associated Press, Patch and PhillyVoice reported the announcement on February 17 and 18. He was never charged in the case, and he had been dead for more than seven years. News reports also named him as a suspect in the deaths of other teenage girls in central New Jersey in the late 1960s and 1970s. None of those cases was ever charged against him.
The word "linked" covers a wide range. In Seattle it ended in a guilty plea, entered by a man already in prison, in a case 36 years old. In Florida it ended in a plea of no contest to Audrey Gygi’s murder, with admissions in two further deaths for which no conviction was reported. In Colorado, California, New Jersey, Oregon and San Francisco it ended in a laboratory result and an announcement by police or prosecutors, and in no judgment of any court, because the man in each case was beyond a new trial.
The paths to those results were different. In Denver a federal grant paid for a review of more than 250 unsolved murders. In Douglas County the evidence had sat for 38 years before a laboratory tested it. In Oregon detectives in the 1990s had evidence that the science of the day could not test, and the match came in 2026, 16 years after the man’s death. The Colorado Court of Appeals made a narrower point in 1992 about what DNA could and could not show a jury. Wasson’s family, the district attorney’s office said, expressed relief that her case was closed. A court has not said so.
• 1958: Rahway police officer Charles Bernoskie is killed; Zarinsky is acquitted of his murder in 2001.
• 1965: Mary Agnes Klinsky, 18, is killed in New Jersey; DNA links Zarinsky in 2016.
• 1968, November 4: Jane Durrua, 13, is killed in Keansburg, New Jersey.
• 1968, December 17: Sandra Bowman, 16, is killed in Seattle.
• 1969, February 22: Canaday is arrested in Seattle in an unrelated kidnapping case.
• 1969, July 8: Canaday’s trial opens in King County.
• 1969, August 27: Zarinsky is arrested in Linden, New Jersey, after Rosemary Calandriello is killed.
• 1975: Zarinsky is convicted of the murder of Rosemary Calandriello.
• 1977, November 17: the New Jersey Supreme Court rules that murder has no statute of limitations in the state.
• 1979: Emma Jenefor, Joyce Ramey and Peggy Cuff are killed in Denver.
• 1981: a 17-year-old is killed in Sacramento County; DNA later links Jennings.
• 1982: Groves is convicted in the Woodrum case.
• 1983: an elderly woman is killed near Easton, California; DNA links Jennings in 2008.
• 1984, April 10: Mei Leung, 9, is killed in San Francisco.
• 1986: Jennings is convicted of four murders in Fresno County.
• 1987: Rhonda Marie Fisher, 30, is killed in Douglas County, Colorado; Audrey Gygi is killed in Okaloosa County, Florida, in May.
• 1988: Pamela Montgomery, 35, is killed in Denver.
• 1989, February 16: Groves is acquitted of attempted first-degree murder.
• 1989, September 20: Ramirez is convicted on all 43 counts tried.
• 1990: Groves is convicted in the Lovato and Mancera cases.
• 1992, October 8: the Colorado Court of Appeals affirms a Groves murder conviction.
• 1992: Elizabeth Wasson, 82, dies in Hillsboro, Oregon.
• 1994, October 5: Walls is sentenced to life after pleading no contest to Gygi’s murder.
• 1994, December: a Washington County jury convicts Barone of the aggravated murder of Martha Bryant; his second trial opens on November 6, 1995.
• 1996, October 31: Groves dies in custody.
• 2003, March 26: Olha Prystepa, 13, is killed in Polohy.
• 2004: Canaday pleads guilty to the murder of Sandra Bowman.
• 2005, August 5: Tkach is arrested in Polohy.
• 2008, May: the Fresno County sheriff announces a DNA link between Jennings and a 1983 killing near Easton.
• 2008, November: Zarinsky dies in prison before the Durrua trial.
• 2008, December 23: Tkach is sentenced to life.
• 2009, October: San Francisco police announce the DNA link between Ramirez and Mei Leung.
• 2009, December 24: Barone dies at the Oregon State Penitentiary.
• 2012, March: Denver prosecutors announce DNA links between Groves and four killings.
• 2012, December: Canaday dies in prison.
• 2013, June 7: Ramirez dies on death row.
• 2014, February 11: Jennings dies in custody.
• 2016, February: New Jersey authorities announce the DNA link between Zarinsky and the Klinsky case.
• 2025, December 2: the Douglas County Sheriff’s Office announces the DNA link between Groves and Rhonda Marie Fisher.
• 2025, December 18: Walls is executed in Florida.
• 2026, February 10: Washington County prosecutors announce the DNA link between Barone and Elizabeth Wasson.