Paul Bernardo was convicted on September 1, 1995, of the first-degree murders of two Ontario schoolgirls: Leslie Mahaffy, 14, of Burlington, and Kristen French, 15, of St. Catharines. Both girls were abducted and held at the house he shared with his wife, Karla Homolka, in Port Dalhousie, the lakeside part of St. Catharines. Leslie was taken in June 1991 and Kristen in April 1992. A Toronto jury found him guilty on all nine counts he faced, and two months later he was declared a dangerous offender, which makes his life sentence indeterminate.
Before the killings he had been the man the press called the Scarborough Rapist. Justice Archie Campbell, who reviewed the police work for the Ontario government, found that between May 1987 and May 1990 Bernardo stalked and sexually assaulted 14 young women in Scarborough and one in Mississauga. Toronto police interviewed him in November 1990 and took a blood sample. That sample sat untested at the province's Centre of Forensic Sciences for more than two years. When it was finally matched to the Scarborough attacks in early 1993, Tammy Homolka, Leslie Mahaffy and Kristen French were dead.
Bernardo came from Guildwood, a neighborhood in the east Toronto suburb of Scarborough, and was in the class of 1982 at Sir Wilfrid Laurier Collegiate Institute, according to the writer Stacey May Fowles, who wrote about him for The Walrus in 2013. His parents still lived in the family home in Guildwood in 2011. She described a volatile home. Two books published in 1995 by Toronto newspaper reporters both described a family full of conflict and a discovery, made when he was 16, that the man who raised him was not his biological father; The Walrus gave the same account. By 1987 he was a university graduate still living with his parents in Scarborough, Karla Homolka later testified.
The first attack came on May 4, 1987, when a young woman was raped near her home in Scarborough. The Canadian Encyclopedia links it to a series of up to 24 rapes or attempted rapes over about five years. Most took place outdoors, against teenage girls and young women walking alone. Justice Campbell, using the cases that police tied to Bernardo, counted 14 sexual assaults in Scarborough and one in Mississauga between May 1987 and May 1990. A 2015 summary by Public Safety Canada put the total at no fewer than 18 women in three police jurisdictions.
Metropolitan Toronto Police formed a task force on November 17, 1988, and with help from the FBI produced an offender profile, according to The Walrus. In May 1990 one woman's description led to a composite drawing that was widely published. The Canadian Encyclopedia says about 16,000 responses came in, and three said the drawing looked like Paul Bernardo. The Walrus puts the total number of tips at about 41,000.
Detectives questioned Bernardo and, as a routine step, took samples for DNA testing. Justice Campbell dates the interview and the blood sample to November 1990. Bernardo was polite and cooperative, and investigators judged him an unlikely suspect, the Canadian Encyclopedia says. His sample joined those of more than 200 other suspects waiting at the Centre of Forensic Sciences, The Walrus reported. The Canadian Encyclopedia says the lab, which was receiving samples from across Ontario, had very limited staff at the time.
One of the Scarborough-era attacks had already been pinned on someone else. In 1987 a 15-year-old girl was attacked at knifepoint in her Toronto bedroom. A man, A.H., who was later cleared, was convicted of the attack. In 1989, on his lawyer's advice, he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to two years less a day. He has said the case against him rested on a mistaken identification by the girl's mother, who saw the attacker only briefly early in the morning.
Years later Bernardo admitted the attack to police. CBC News reported that police knew of the admission by 2006, when they questioned A.H. again without telling him what Bernardo had said. In June 2008 three judges of the Court of Appeal for Ontario formally acquitted him. "There has been a miscarriage of justice," said Justice Marc Rosenberg. The Crown agreed it had no case. "The fresh evidence points to only one conclusion: Paul Bernardo committed this attack," said Crown counsel Howard Leibovich. A.H.'s lawyer, James Lockyer, said the case showed how unreliable eyewitness identification can be, and called for a new look at crimes Bernardo may have committed in the 1980s and early 1990s.
Bernardo met Karla Homolka in October 1987. She was 17 and in high school in St. Catharines; he was 23. She later told the court that at first he treated her "like a princess," with gifts and expensive dinners, and that he later became controlling and physically abusive. They were engaged in December 1989 and married on June 29, 1991. Homolka worked at a veterinary clinic.
The 1995 trial would turn largely on her. The Crown presented her as an abused and unwilling accomplice; the defense said she was a full participant. She pleaded guilty to manslaughter, never murder, and that is the only crime she was convicted of in these deaths.
Tammy Lyn Homolka was 15, Karla's younger sister. She died on December 24, 1990, at St. Catharines General Hospital. Doctors concluded that she had choked on her own vomit after drinking heavily. Police questioned Bernardo and Karla Homolka and accepted their explanation for an injury. Her death was ruled an accident and was not investigated as a crime at the time.
At the 1995 trial Karla Homolka testified that she had obtained sleeping pills by fraud and taken an anesthetic from the veterinary clinic where she worked, and that these were used on Tammy. She said Tammy's death became a secret she shared with Bernardo, and that he used it to control her. Justice Campbell's 1996 review stated plainly that Bernardo killed Tammy Homolka, and it listed among the questions the public needed answered why the coroner and the Niagara police had concluded she died of natural causes.
She was not one of the victims named in the nine counts on which Bernardo was convicted in 1995. Her death was one of the outstanding charges in October 1995, and since 2018 The Canadian Press and outlets using its reports have repeatedly said Bernardo was convicted of manslaughter in her death. No court record confirming such a conviction has come to light.
In April 1991, about four months after Tammy's death, a young woman was stalked and sexually assaulted on Henley Island in St. Catharines. Justice Campbell found that Bernardo committed the attack and that it matched the pattern of the Scarborough assaults.
Karla Homolka also admitted taking part in a sexual assault on another teenage girl, who survived and is known in court only as Jane Doe; she was expected to testify against Bernardo. Homolka did not disclose that assault until October 1993, after her own conviction and sentence.
Leslie Mahaffy was 14 and lived in Burlington, in Halton Region. Her brother, Ryan Mahaffy, told the Parole Board in 2024 that Bernardo had taken his "mentor and best friend," and that the loss had shaped his childhood and his adult relationships. Her mother, Debbie Mahaffy, has opposed his release at each of his parole hearings.
In June 1991 Leslie disappeared from outside her family's home in Burlington. Her parents reported her missing on June 15. Justice Campbell found that Bernardo abducted her from Burlington, in Halton Region, and took her to the Port Dalhousie house, where he killed her. Her remains were found in Lake Gibson, in the Niagara Region near St. Catharines, on June 29, 1991, with a further discovery the next day. June 29 was the day Bernardo and Homolka were married. The couple went to Hawaii while the early investigation was under way, the Canadian Encyclopedia says.
Kristen French was 15 and lived in St. Catharines. On the afternoon of April 16, 1992, she was abducted from a church parking lot while walking home from school. A witness saw a girl being forced into a car, but police then followed mistaken leads about the vehicle. She was held for three days at the Port Dalhousie house and killed. Her body was found on April 30, 1992, in a ditch in north Burlington, about 500 meters from Leslie Mahaffy's grave, The Canadian Press later reported.
Her parents, Donna and Doug French, have said he should never be released. "They say that time heals but I don't for a minute believe that, for I have not healed," Donna French told the Parole Board in 2024.
Police did not link the Mahaffy and French killings until May 1992, when medical examiners noticed similarities between them. The Green Ribbon Task Force interviewed Bernardo in May 1992, Justice Campbell found, and he was not singled out.
In his 1996 report Justice Campbell set out four questions the public wanted answered. Why had it taken almost six years to catch Bernardo? Why had the coroner and the Niagara police decided that Tammy Homolka died of natural causes? Why was Bernardo not recognized earlier as a strong suspect, after two interviews by two different police forces? And why had the Centre of Forensic Sciences taken more than two years to test his sample?
His answer, in short, was that the system had failed rather than any one officer. "It is often the case that systemic failures as opposed to individual mistakes are the real cause of public disasters," he wrote. "The Bernardo case shows that the motivation, investigative skill and the dedication of officers is not enough." The work of skilled investigators, he found, could be defeated by the lack of an effective case management system, and he added: "We seem to be incapable of learning from previous experiences." Public Safety Canada later summarized his central finding as a lack of "cooperation, coordination and communication between police and other justice system partners."
The case broke from inside the marriage. In January 1993 Bernardo beat Karla Homolka, and she filed charges against him. Her parents removed her from the Port Dalhousie house that month. In early February 1993 the Centre of Forensic Sciences reported that Bernardo's DNA matched the Scarborough attacks. He was arrested on February 17, 1993, for the Scarborough rapes and for the murders of Leslie Mahaffy and Kristen French.
Police searched the house for 71 days. They did not find the videotapes the couple had made of their crimes, which were hidden in a ceiling light fixture.
Homolka's lawyers and the Ontario Attorney General's office reached an agreement in May 1993. The province would not grant her immunity, and agreed not to pursue more serious murder charges against her. In return she would testify against Bernardo and plead guilty to two counts of manslaughter. On July 6, 1993, she pleaded guilty to both counts and received two concurrent sentences of 12 years. The agreement also protected her from prosecution for her sister's death, and in June 1995 it was extended to cover the sexual assault on Jane Doe.
Critics called it a "deal with the devil." A petition with more than 300,000 names was delivered to the Ontario legislature asking for a review. An independent inquiry into the plea agreement followed, and its 1996 report, by Galligan, concluded that, on what the Crown knew in 1993, it "had absolutely no choice" but to make the agreement if it wanted to be sure of convicting Bernardo. A 1997 Maclean's report on the provincial review said the Crown would not have agreed to the deal had prosecutors had the videotapes.
On May 6, 1993, Bernardo's lawyer, Ken Murray, went into the Port Dalhousie house on his client's instructions with his assistant and took out six eight-millimeter videotapes. He kept them for about 16 or 17 months, until he stopped acting for Bernardo in September 1994. He then gave them to his successor, John Rosen, who turned them over to prosecutors; the Canadian Encyclopedia gives the handover date as September 22, 1994. The tapes contradicted Homolka's account of herself as a coerced participant. By then her plea agreement had been carried out.
The Ontario Provincial Police charged Murray and his assistant in 1997. Murray's lawyer, Austin Cooper, said his client had been bound by solicitor-client confidentiality. The charge against Murray went to trial as attempting to obstruct justice. On June 13, 2000, Justice Gravely of the Ontario Superior Court found him not guilty, holding that Murray's testimony, in the context of the whole of the evidence, raised a reasonable doubt as to his intention to obstruct justice.
Bernardo was charged with two counts each of first-degree murder, kidnapping, forcible confinement and aggravated sexual assault, and one count of indignity to a human body. In 1994 the Crown sent the murder case directly to trial, and he pleaded not guilty to all nine counts.
Jury selection began in Toronto on May 1, 1995, before Justice Patrick LeSage. The jury was eight men and four women. The Crown, led by Ray Houlahan, opened its case on May 18, and the trial lasted about four months. John Rosen led the defense.
Karla Homolka began her evidence on June 19, 1995, and testified for 17 court days in all, seven of them under cross-examination by Rosen. Justice LeSage told the jury that her credibility was in issue, since she was already serving her sentence and witnesses in that position often play down their own part. Homolka described herself as an unwilling accomplice who had not stopped the attacks because she was afraid of her husband. Rosen put to her that she had been devoted to Bernardo and far more involved than she admitted. He suggested she took part in Leslie Mahaffy's death and that she, not Bernardo, was responsible for Kristen French's. "What you are putting to me is a lie," she answered. He produced a 1992 letter in which she wrote that she looked forward to having a baby with him.
Bernardo himself admitted at trial that he had taken part in the abductions, the confinement and the sexual assaults of both girls. His defense was that Homolka had killed them when he was not present. The Crown's case was that he was the principal killer, and in the alternative that he was guilty as a party to what Homolka did. The jury also heard from a former girlfriend about his earlier conduct, and from an expert on battered woman syndrome about Homolka. The jurors viewed the videotapes repeatedly; spectators in the courtroom could only hear them.
On September 1, 1995, the jury found Bernardo guilty on all nine counts. First-degree murder carries a mandatory life sentence with no parole eligibility for 25 years, and the Correctional Service of Canada records his life sentence as beginning that day.
On October 6, 1995, Crown attorneys in St. Catharines asked Justice LeSage to declare Bernardo a dangerous offender, a designation that allows indefinite detention. "We believe he is one of the most dangerous criminals in Canadian history," said Assistant Crown Attorney Lesley Baldwin. Maclean's reported that a finding would remove the need to try 33 other outstanding charges, including 14 rapes in Scarborough, two in the Niagara region and the death of Tammy Homolka. His lawyers argued he had already been punished enough. Rosen withdrew from the case because the Ontario government would not pay all his legal bills, and the judge reserved his decision.
On November 3, 1995, Justice LeSage declared Bernardo a dangerous offender. The columnist Rosie DiManno later recalled two lines from the judge: "You are a sexually sadistic psychopath," and "You have no right ever to be released." Justice Campbell's review described the designation as made in respect of the Scarborough assaults.
In October 1995 the parents of both girls spoke publicly for the first time since the trial. "It just won't happen because a very big part of our lives is missing and we can't get it back," Donna French said. Their lawyer, Tim Danson, said the families would not find peace until they knew that no one would ever see the tapes again. The tapes were destroyed in December 2001.
Bernardo appealed his convictions. His lawyers, Gregory Brodsky, Paul Burstein, James Stribopoulos and Anthony Bryant, argued that the jury should have been allowed to return second-degree murder or manslaughter if it doubted he was the one who killed the girls; that the jury had been selected under a wrong reading of the Criminal Code; that the jury should have been warned about the terms of Homolka's plea agreement; that a Crown question about his right against self-incrimination was improper; and that the evidence of the former girlfriend and of the battered woman syndrome expert should not have been admitted.
A panel of the Court of Appeal for Ontario, Justices Laskin, Moldaver and MacPherson, heard the appeal on March 27, 2000, and dismissed it on every ground. Bernardo then asked the Supreme Court of Canada for leave to appeal, acting for himself. Leave was refused on September 21, 2000. His convictions are final.
Justice Campbell's Bernardo Investigation Review was released in 1996. It had no power to compel testimony or documents and held no hearings. Its main recommendation was a common case management system, backed by regulation, for investigating homicides and sexual assaults across police forces.
In 1997 Ontario announced it would carry out the recommendations and set aside 25 million dollars over five years. A ViCLAS centre for linking violent crimes opened in December 1996, and reporting to it was made mandatory under the Police Services Act in February 1997. The province set up a serial and predator crime unit, improved forensic lab systems and trained major case investigators. The Ontario Major Case Management System was introduced in 2000, and since January 1, 2005, a regulation under the Police Services Act has required every police service in the province to use it. In 2012 British Columbia's Missing Women Commission of Inquiry quoted Campbell's findings on systemic failure as still relevant.
In October 2005 Bernardo gave his lawyer, Tony Bryant, a letter confessing to at least 10 more sexual assaults. Bryant passed it to police in November and made it public in February 2006. He said he did not know why Bernardo had written it, but suggested the renewed attention around Homolka's release might have been the trigger. Tim Danson said some offenders enjoy the attention their crimes bring and that there was no guarantee the claims were true. Toronto police said they had checked the allegations. They already knew of some of the assaults; in some cases the victims did not want an investigation, and in others there was too little information to start one. No new charges were laid.
Bernardo spent 18 years at Kingston Penitentiary, a maximum-security prison, and moved to Millhaven Institution, near Bath, Ontario, when Kingston closed in 2013. He has spent most of his time in protective custody or solitary confinement. At his 2021 parole hearing he said he had gone more than 10,000 days without meaningful human contact.
In 2015, CBC News reported, he applied for day parole in the Toronto area, three years before his eligibility date, as the law allowed. A homemade blade found in his maximum-security cell led to a weapon charge. On October 5, 2018, the Crown withdrew the charge, saying there was no reasonable prospect of conviction; his lawyer, Fergus (Chip) O'Connor, suggested someone else had placed it there.
Bernardo became eligible for full parole in February 2018, after serving 25 years. His first hearing was held at Millhaven on October 17, 2018, before a two-member panel of the Parole Board of Canada. He spoke of a childhood speech impediment and social anxiety. Asked whether he had treated women as objects, he said, "Back then, absolutely," and "I hurt a lot of people." He denied being a sadistic psychopath but said he had felt nothing for his victims at the time. Board member Suzanne Poirier said his empathy seemed recent. The panel refused day and full parole after about 30 minutes. One of the women he admitted attacking said he should never be considered for any freedom.
His second hearing, held by video on June 22, 2021, ended the same way after about an hour. He said he was "no longer preoccupied with fantasies," called himself low risk and asked to live near his parents. He also said he believed he had ruined the life of his then wife's younger sister. His parole officer reported that he had made no progress and completed no programming since 2018 and had offered no release plan. "Your understanding and insight remains limited," said board member Maureen Gauci. Donna and Doug French told the board, "Time doesn't heal the pain; the pain is a life sentence." A statement from Debbie Mahaffy said, "There is no known cure for sadistic psychopathy."
In 2022 Bernardo applied to move to Bath Institution, a medium-security prison in Ontario. A security review found he met the criteria, but the move was overridden because of concerns about how he would get along with other inmates. Once an integration plan had been carried out, he was assessed as "fully integrated" with his range and applied in November 2022 to go to La Macaza Institution in Quebec, a medium-security prison about 190 kilometers north of Montreal that treats sex offenders.
The Correctional Service of Canada moved him on May 29, 2023. Some registered victims got calls that morning; not all were reached. The move became public on June 2. Ontario Premier Doug Ford said Bernardo should "rot in a maximum-security prison." Public Safety Minister Marco Mendicino said he could not understand the transfer and said he had learned of it only on May 30, but it emerged that his office had been told in March and again on May 25. Conservatives called for his resignation, and he was later removed from Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's cabinet as the controversy grew.
Commissioner Anne Kelly ordered a further review by a committee that included outside members. On July 20, 2023, she announced its conclusion that the decisions to reclassify Bernardo to medium security and transfer him to La Macaza "were sound" and followed all applicable laws and policies. The committee found that the service had gone beyond its policy in notifying victims but could have told them more, and Kelly accepted its two recommendations: share findings with registered victims before the public, and set up a dedicated committee to improve victim notification. The service stressed that he remained a dangerous offender assessed as high risk, that the move did not mean he would progress automatically to lower security, and that he could be returned to maximum security if needed. Mendicino issued a ministerial directive on victim notification the same day. Conservative leader Pierre Poilievre accepted that the service had followed the law but said the law requiring the least restrictive setting should change.
Bernardo's third hearing took place on November 26, 2024, at La Macaza, with Bernardo appearing by video. The board had at first refused to let the families attend in person and then reversed itself, too late for Donna French to travel; she spoke remotely. Bernardo asked mainly for day parole at a halfway house or, at least, escorted absences to attend a community program for sex offenders. He said he had begun offending as "revenge" for his mother's suffering and his father's rejection, and wanted to "pay the world back." "I became a sexual sadist, there's no doubt about that," he said, adding that he had "no excuse."
His parole officer said he had "adjusted well" at La Macaza but was "overestimating his progress while underestimating the risk he presents." The Correctional Service did not support release. Debbie Mahaffy said in her statement that "the biggest destruction of the peace and joy and hope in my life has been and remains Bernardo." After about 30 minutes the two-member panel refused all forms of release. It acknowledged some progress but cited significant concern about his risk of sexual reoffending, his narcissistic personality, his clinical assessments, the "extremely violent" and serial nature of his crimes and his dangerous offender designation.
As of September 2026 news reports, Bernardo is held at La Macaza Institution. His fourth review in eight years was set for October 20, 2026. On September 21, 2026, Tim Danson confirmed that it had been postponed to January 2027; the reason was not made public. A Parole Board spokesperson said only an offender may ask for a postponement, before a review or during a hearing, for reasons such as the availability of counsel or completing an assessment or treatment. Danson has argued that hearings for offenders like Bernardo should be held every seven years rather than every two, unless something significant such as a medical breakthrough justifies an earlier one. "The price he has to pay for what he did is to spend the rest of his natural life in jail," he said.
Karla Homolka served her full 12-year sentence for manslaughter and was released on July 4, 2005.
Proven by final judgment: the first-degree murders of Leslie Mahaffy and Kristen French, with the related counts of kidnapping, forcible confinement, aggravated sexual assault and indignity to a human body (jury verdict, September 1, 1995; appeal dismissed 2000; leave to the Supreme Court refused September 21, 2000). He is a designated dangerous offender (November 3, 1995).
The death of Tammy Homolka. Justice Campbell's review stated that Bernardo killed her, and Karla Homolka's plea agreement shielded her from prosecution for it. In October 1995 Maclean's listed her death among 33 charges that would not need to be tried if he was declared a dangerous offender. Since 2018, reports by The Canadian Press and outlets carrying them (CBC News, Global News, CP24, The Globe and Mail) have said he was convicted of manslaughter in her death. Neither the 1996 Campbell review's account of the court outcomes, nor the 1995 Maclean's coverage, nor the Correctional Service of Canada's 2023 summary mentions any such conviction, and no court record of one has been reported, so it remains unconfirmed.
The Scarborough sexual assaults. Bernardo has admitted at least 14 attacks on other women, as news reports put it, and Campbell described the dangerous offender designation as made "in the Scarborough assaults." Accounts differ on whether he was ever convicted of any of them: The Walrus (2013) wrote that he was never convicted because the Crown did not pursue the charges, while a 2015 CBC News report said he pleaded guilty to multiple rapes. No court record settling the point was read. The number of attacks also varies: 14 in Scarborough and one in Mississauga (Campbell), up to 24 rapes or attempts (Canadian Encyclopedia), at least 18 women across three jurisdictions (Public Safety Canada), plus at least 10 more he confessed in 2005 that never led to charges.
Other points that vary: The Walrus dates the police interview and DNA sample to September 1990, Campbell to November 1990; the time Ken Murray held the tapes is given as about 16 months (Maclean's) and 17 months (the court). Bernardo was named as a possible suspect in the 1990 disappearance of Elizabeth Bain, a case in which another man's conviction was set aside in 2004, but his lawyer said in 2006 that she was not among the assaults he had confessed, and no charge has ever linked him to her.
1982: in the class of 1982 at Sir Wilfrid Laurier Collegiate Institute, Scarborough.
May 4, 1987: first attack in the Scarborough series.
1987: a 15-year-old girl is attacked in her Toronto bedroom; another man is later convicted (acquitted in 2008 after Bernardo admits the attack).
October 1987: meets Karla Homolka, 17, of St. Catharines.
November 17, 1988: Metropolitan Toronto Police form a task force.
December 1989: Bernardo and Homolka become engaged.
May 1990: a composite drawing is published; three callers name Bernardo.
November 1990: Toronto police interview him and take a blood sample (September 1990 in one account).
December 24, 1990: Tammy Homolka, 15, dies; her death is ruled an accident.
April 1991: sexual assault on Henley Island, St. Catharines.
June 1991: Leslie Mahaffy, 14, is abducted from Burlington and killed; reported missing June 15.
June 29, 1991: her remains are found in Lake Gibson; Bernardo and Homolka marry the same day.
April 16, 1992: Kristen French, 15, is abducted in St. Catharines; she is killed after three days.
April 30, 1992: her body is found in north Burlington.
May 1992: police link the two killings; the Green Ribbon Task Force interviews Bernardo.
January 1993: he beats Homolka; she leaves and files charges.
Early February 1993: the Centre of Forensic Sciences matches his DNA to the Scarborough attacks.
February 17, 1993: arrested.
May 1993: plea agreement with Homolka; May 6, Ken Murray removes the videotapes from the house.
July 6, 1993: Homolka pleads guilty to two counts of manslaughter; 12 years.
1994: the Crown sends the murder case directly to trial; he pleads not guilty to nine counts.
September 1994: the tapes reach prosecutors.
May 1, 1995: jury selection begins in Toronto before Justice LeSage.
June 19, 1995: Homolka begins her testimony.
September 1, 1995: guilty on all nine counts; life with no parole for 25 years.
October 6, 1995: the Crown applies for a dangerous offender designation.
November 3, 1995: declared a dangerous offender.
1996: the Campbell and Galligan reports.
1997: Ken Murray and his assistant are charged.
March 2000: the Court of Appeal for Ontario dismisses his appeal.
June 13, 2000: Murray is found not guilty.
September 21, 2000: the Supreme Court of Canada refuses leave to appeal.
December 2001: the videotapes are destroyed.
July 4, 2005: Karla Homolka is released at the end of her sentence.
October 2005 to February 2006: Bernardo's letter confessing at least 10 more sexual assaults; no charges follow.
June 2008: A.H. is acquitted by the Court of Appeal.
2013: moved from Kingston Penitentiary to Millhaven Institution.
2015: applies for day parole.
February 2018: eligible for full parole.
October 5, 2018: a weapon charge is withdrawn.
October 17, 2018: parole refused.
June 22, 2021: parole refused.
May 29, 2023: transferred to La Macaza Institution, Quebec.
July 20, 2023: the Correctional Service review finds the transfer sound.
November 26, 2024: parole refused a third time.
September 21, 2026: the hearing set for October 20, 2026, is postponed to January 2027.
October 21, 2026: no later development found.