Norbert Feher is a Serbian national who spent more than a decade in Italy under false names, most often as Igor Vaclavic, a supposed Russian former soldier. Italian newspapers called him "Igor il Russo." In April 2017, in the flat farmland between Bologna and Ferrara, he shot dead a bar owner during a robbery and, a week later, a volunteer environmental guard who stopped him on a country road. A provincial police officer on patrol with the guard was badly wounded. One of the largest manhunts in recent Italian history followed in the marshes and canals of the area, and it failed. In December 2017, in the province of Teruel in Aragon, Spain, he shot dead a sheep farmer and two Guardia Civil officers who were looking for him. He was arrested within hours, after crashing the farmer's pickup on a mountain road.
Courts in both countries have convicted him. In Italy he received life imprisonment, which became final in November 2021. In Spain a jury in Teruel found him guilty of three murders in April 2021, and he received revisable permanent prison, Spain's most severe sentence, which the Supreme Court confirmed in May 2022. He is in a Spanish prison, where he has wounded officers on more than one occasion.
Little about Feher's early life has been established by reliable sources. Spanish court filings and Europa Press reports of the Spanish case file give his birth year as 1981 and describe him as Serbian-born. Italian investigators, working from a Serbian European arrest warrant issued in 2011, identified him as Norbert Feher of Subotica, a city in northern Serbia near the Hungarian border. In April 2017 a younger sister, interviewed by the Serbian paper Kurir in Subotica, where she lived with their mother, said he had left home when she was about four or five, that they spoke only once or twice a year through Facebook, and that he had told her he worked at a car repair shop in Italy. She said she had not known he used the name Igor Vaclavic or that he had been in prison.
For years the Italian authorities did not know who he was. When the Carabinieri began hunting him in April 2017, they circulated the name Igor Vaclavic, aged 40, described as a former soldier from Eastern Europe. Il Resto del Carlino reported a year later that the name came with a Russian birth date in October 1976 and a background as a former soldier, and that the Ferrara prosecutor's file had listed him as Russian. The Bologna file used another name, Ezechiele Norbert Feher; he had asked to be called Ezechiele in Ferrara's prison, and the name appeared on his social media profiles. Investigators said he had used at least ten aliases. In April 2017 the commander of the Carabinieri, Tullio Del Sette, said publicly that the man was Serbian and was wanted in Serbia for a robbery involving sexual violence. ANSA later reported that Italian police had confirmed his identity with Serbian officials in April 2017. After his arrest in Spain he told investigators there that he had used many identities in several countries and described a paramilitary background. El País, as summarized by the Serbian broadcaster N1, reported that he had variously presented himself as a former member of a Serbian paramilitary unit, a former Russian spy in exile and a former gigolo. None of these accounts of military service has been confirmed by an official source.
Feher's Italian record begins in 2007. Il Fatto Quotidiano reported in April 2017 that he was convicted that year after five robberies carried out with a bow and arrows, and that he served about two years in prison in Ferrara; Il Resto del Carlino dates his first arrest to 2007 in Rovigo, also for robbery. He returned to the same methods in 2010 around Portomaggiore. Farmers remembered a man on a bicycle in a black bandana and a green military coat, and in one robbery he threatened a man in front of his wife and daughter. Newspapers began calling him the "ninja."
On December 12, 2010, Carabinieri found him in a farmhouse a few hundred meters from the entrance to the Marmorta nature reserve. The police headquarters in Rovigo had already issued an expulsion order in September 2010, and in May 2011 a court in Ferrara convicted him of robbery and also ordered his expulsion. He received a sentence reported as five years and four months (Il Fatto gives five years and eight months).
Neither expulsion order was carried out. According to Il Resto del Carlino, Russia did not recognize him as a citizen. When he was released early for good conduct in late 2015, he was taken to the immigration identification and expulsion center in Bari, but the countries contacted would not accept him, and he walked free. He went back to the area he knew between Molinella and Portomaggiore, where he lived for more than a year without papers, moving between abandoned farmhouses around Boccaleone and Consandolo. He was reported to have grown closer to religion in prison.
In the summer of 2015, by Il Fatto's account, he took part in a series of robberies of isolated houses in the Ferrara countryside with a Slovak man, Ivan Pajdek, and another man, Patrick Ruszo. Il Resto del Carlino lists three robberies in July and August 2015 at Villanova, Mesola and Coronella; in one, a 90-year-old woman was left tied in her bed for two days. Pajdek and Ruszo were later given life sentences for the September 2015 killing of a pensioner, Pier Luigi Tartari, in a separate robbery at Aguscello. The Carabinieri said they had found no evidence that Feher was present at that killing. For the 2015 robberies he was put on trial in Ferrara and later sentenced, receiving 11 years on appeal, according to Sky TG24.
Davide Fabbri was 52 and ran the bar and tobacco shop in Riccardina, a hamlet of Budrio, a town of about 18,000 people near Bologna. He lived with his wife, Maria Sirica, and his father, Francesco, was still living. At his funeral in Budrio's parish church on April 7, 2017, about 300 people greeted his coffin with applause. The mayor declared a day of mourning, local sports clubs held a minute of silence, and the parish priest told mourners that hatred could not be fought with hatred. The archbishop of Bologna, Matteo Maria Zuppi, sent a message calling the death an earthquake for the whole community.
On the night of March 29 to 30, 2017, a security guard was disarmed at a piadina stand in Consandolo, near Argenta, and his Smith and Wesson 9mm pistol was taken. Investigators later concluded that this was the gun used at Budrio.
At about 9:25 p.m. on April 1, 2017, a man in a camouflage-style jacket, a hat and a face covering walked into Fabbri's bar with a hunting rifle and demanded money. Fabbri grabbed the rifle and nearly disarmed him, wounding him in the struggle. The robber drew a pistol and shot Fabbri in the chest, and he died at the scene. His wife came in after hearing the noise; she later said she would never forget the man's eyes. The killer fled. Blood found outside the bar was sent for analysis, and witnesses later picked Feher out from photographs.
Valerio Verri was 63 and lived in the countryside at Portoverrara, near Portomaggiore, where he had a small piece of land. He had retired from the sugar factory at Minerbio. He was a keen hunter, active in hunting associations, and after retirement he became a volunteer environmental guard, patrolling the countryside against poaching. He was married with two children, Francesca and Emanuele. Friends described him as shy until you knew him, and then generous.
Marco Ravaglia, 54, was an experienced officer of the provincial police of Ferrara, which enforces hunting and environmental rules.
In the afternoon of April 8, 2017, Verri and Ravaglia were on patrol in the Mezzano area near Portomaggiore when they stopped a van for an anti-poaching check on the road known as via Mondonuovo, about eight kilometers from the town. The driver opened fire. Ravaglia later told investigators that the man fired four shots at him and one at Verri. Verri was killed. Ravaglia, hit in the shoulder and side, survived by pretending to be dead, and was flown to the hospital in Cesena, where from intensive care he identified the gunman as Feher. The attacker took Ravaglia's pistol.
At his Italian trial in January 2019, speaking by video link from prison in Zaragoza, Feher said he had shot Ravaglia because the officer had a pistol in his hand, and that he had then shot Verri without checking whether he was armed, because he took him for a police officer too and wanted to bring both men down. His words were reported by Verri's daughter, Francesca. In the same hearing he admitted killing Fabbri but denied it was a robbery: he claimed he had gone to the bar to collect a debt of about 10,000 euros for someone he would not name, and that he fired because he felt threatened and cornered.
After the shooting Feher drove off in the van, a Fiat Fiorino taken from a man of Pakistani origin who had been threatened near Molinella. He collided with Carabinieri patrols between Consandolo and Molinella, abandoned the van on via Spina in Molinella and disappeared on foot into the reserves of Campotto and Marmorta, about 40 square kilometers of marsh, reed beds and dense vegetation that he knew well. In the van investigators found a bicycle, a jacket, clothing and traces of blood.
The Mezzano was declared a red zone. Il Resto del Carlino later put the number of Carabinieri from specialist units at close to a thousand. They were supported by helicopters, drones, sniffer dogs and marksmen, and searched across the provinces of Bologna, Ferrara and Ravenna, raiding abandoned farmhouses. A fisherman reported a small boat stolen from a canal in the search area. Police believed he was living on fruit, vegetables and eggs, and that he was carrying at least two guns and about 40 rounds. Sightings came in from all over Italy and proved false; a lead that he had gone to South America was checked and dropped. Friends of Fabbri offered 50,000 euros for information leading to his capture alive. According to Il Resto del Carlino, the only trace he left was a postcard from Livorno.
Italian police lost track of him around May. How he got out of Italy has never been established. Italian investigators believed he had help, and at his Italian trial he refused to say who had given it, citing a "code" that stopped him from naming names.
Both families blamed the state as well as the killer. Fabbri's widow said at the March 2019 sentencing that the state had killed her husband, because the man should never have been in Italy, and she planned a civil claim against the Interior Ministry. The Verri family complained to prosecutors in Ferrara that no specific warning had been given and that volunteer guards had not been pulled out of the area after the Budrio killing, when investigators already believed the gunman was nearby. Prosecutors opened a preliminary file with no suspects. In October 2018 the family's lawyer, Fabio Anselmo, said they had taken their case to the European Court of Human Rights Its outcome has not been reported. A regional victims' foundation gave Fabbri's widow and father 10,000 euros in 2018.
Feher later told a Spanish court that he had been in Spain since September 2017 and had no job. Europa Press, reporting the case file in February 2018, said he told investigators he had come from Italy by bicycle to work and had lived in Lleida and in Xirivella and Catarroja, near Valencia, before Teruel. Spanish police linked him to 15 property crimes in Spain. From about November 18, 2017, he hid in rural farm buildings, known locally as masicos, between Andorra and Albalate del Arzobispo in the province of Teruel, breaking into as many as six of them for clothing, food and a sleeping bag, and shooting a hunting dog that guarded one.
On December 5, 2017, the owner of a farm building in Albalate del Arzobispo arrived with a locksmith to open a locked shed. Feher was hiding inside. He shot both men and seriously wounded them. Both survived. The Guardia Civil began searching for the gunman. Police reports later established that the two pistols used that day had come with him from Italy, and that one of them had been used in the April killings.
José Luis Iranzo was 40, a sheep farmer from Andorra, and a member and former provincial secretary in Teruel of the farmers' union UAGA-COAG. Friends described him as a committed and sincere advocate for rural people.
Víctor Romero was 30. His family moved from Terriente, in the Sierra de Albarracín, to Calanda when he was a child, and he helped on the family's livestock farm. He played the drum in Calanda's Holy Week processions, and an uncle was also in the Guardia Civil. Víctor Jesús Caballero was born in Cádiz in 1979 and had lived in the Bajo Aragón for years with his partner. Both officers were based at Alcañiz and served on a ROCA team, the Guardia Civil units that deal with thefts from farms and rural property. Friends said Romero had worked on a series of robberies in Calanda even on his days off.
On the afternoon of Thursday, December 14, 2017, Iranzo went to the Mas del Saso, a farm property in Andorra. According to the Teruel court, he had come to pick up his father; Europa Press reported that he had been helping the Guardia Civil search for the gunman. Feher, who had used one of the buildings, was there. In court he said that he shot Iranzo and then shot him again as he tried to flee. Iranzo was killed. Feher took his pickup and drove to a nearby property where he had spent the previous night.
Romero and Caballero, in plain clothes, went to inspect a vehicle the gunman had used. Feher, packing his belongings, saw their car arrive. He hid behind a vehicle with a pistol in each hand, and he opened fire before either officer could draw. He later told an investigating judge that he fired 17 rounds at them; investigators collected 31 shell casings at that scene and two where Iranzo died. The officers were wearing regulation vests, and at least one was pierced. Both men were killed. The jury and the appeal courts found that he shot them from behind and from concealment, then fired again to finish them, and that he knew they were police. He took their service weapons.
Feher drove east in Iranzo's pickup toward the mountains on the border of Castellón. In the early hours of December 15, about 5 a.m. by contemporary reports, he was arrested between Cantavieja and Mirambel. The flight in the vehicle, as the Guardia Civil put it, was what led to his capture: he crashed the pickup. His own lawyer later said he had a flat tire near Mirambel and was arrested without resistance. He was carrying four handguns: a Smith and Wesson and a Beretta of his own and the two officers' service pistols, along with magazines and ammunition. The Guardia Civil's special intervention unit had been deployed. An Italian forensic team confirmed from his fingerprints that the man in custody was the one wanted for the killings in Emilia-Romagna.
The killings shook Aragon. The regional government declared two days of official mourning. The officers' coffins arrived in Alcañiz on the evening of December 15, where hundreds of people stood in the cold in the Plaza de España to applaud them, and both men were awarded, posthumously, the Guardia Civil's Order of Merit with red distinction. They were buried in Alcañiz on December 16, and Iranzo was buried the same afternoon in Andorra. In Italy, Fabbri's widow said she hoped he would serve his time, though nothing could undo what had happened to her.
Feher declined to give a statement at the Guardia Civil command in Teruel. Brought before the investigating judge in Alcañiz, he first appeared by video before Carmen Lamela, a judge of the National Court, who was handling Italy's European arrest warrant, and said through an Italian interpreter that he agreed to be extradited to Italy. He then answered questions in Alcañiz for nearly eight hours. He admitted the three killings at Mas del Saso and the Albalate shootings, said he had used as many as 18 false identities in eight countries (a later report of the case file gives 23), and said he had been in Spain since September with no job. The judge remanded him in custody without bail, and he was taken to Teruel prison, which had a space prepared for dangerous inmates. He was later moved to Zuera prison near Zaragoza.
Victims' families and police associations soon asked why he had not been found in the nine days between the Albalate shooting and the killings. The Unified Association of the Guardia Civil (AUGC) questioned whether the vests had failed and whether the search had been adequate. A group of Iranzo's friends, later known as Amigos de Iranzo and then Siempre Iranzo, sent nearly 100 questions to the government's subdelegation in Teruel, and said in 2020 that evidence from the Albalate scene was not sent for analysis until after the killings.
The first Spanish trial dealt with the December 5 shooting. At the Audiencia Provincial de Teruel in late January 2020 Feher expressly admitted the facts. In a judgment dated January 29, 2020, the court sentenced him to 21 years: nine for each attempted homicide and three for illegal possession of weapons, with about 117,000 euros in compensation to the two men and the hospital in Alcañiz that treated them. The court said the attempts had failed only for reasons outside his control. His new lawyer announced an appeal; a later court report notes that the Supreme Court upheld the 21-year sentence. Separately, prosecutors sought five and a half years for the farm break-ins, which his lawyer said he admitted.
In Bologna, the case for the killings of Fabbri and Verri went before a preliminary hearing judge, Alberto Ziroldi, under the abbreviated procedure, which reduces sentences in exchange for a trial on the written file. Feher took part by video from Zaragoza. In October 2018, asked whether journalists could attend, he said in Italian that he did not want a public trial, and the hearing was closed; Verri's children, there in person, could see him only on a screen and said they felt abandoned by the state. His lawyers sought a finding of partial mental incapacity, but the judge refused a psychiatric assessment. On March 25, 2019, Ziroldi sentenced him to life imprisonment, as prosecutor Marco Forte had requested. Spain had refused to surrender him under the European arrest warrant until its own cases were tried, and Italian prosecutors expected him to stay in Spain for years.
The Corte d'Assise d'Appello of Bologna heard his appeal on May 27, 2020. Feher chose not to appear, even by video from his prison in A Coruña, saying his presence was not essential. The deputy prosecutor general, Valter Giovannini, called him a ferocious executioner and told the court it should wipe the smirk from his face, pointing to his victory sign in a Spanish courtroom. Ravaglia attended. After about 90 minutes the court confirmed the life sentence for the two murders and the attempted murder of Ravaglia, acquitting him only of an attempted robbery of the Pakistani van driver, which did not change the sentence.
On November 2, 2021, the First Criminal Section of the Court of Cassation rejected his final appeal, making the life sentence definitive. In its reasons, published in April 2022, the court called him a cold and calculating personality whose crimes followed a rational, cost-benefit logic, noted that psychiatric assessment and six months of prison observation had found no illness affecting his capacity, and found that he knew Verri and Ravaglia were officers and would have shot them whether or not they were armed.
The trial for the three murders opened at the Audiencia Provincial de Teruel on April 12, 2021, before a jury, with about 60 witnesses and experts summoned, among them 20 Guardia Civil officers and 30 members of its forensic unit. He faced three counts of murder, three of robbery with violence, two of attack on authority, and one each of membership in a criminal organization and illegal weapons possession.
Feher testified on the first day. He denied intending to kill anyone and said he had fired to protect himself. He said he had gone back to the farm building for a Bible he had left there, and that the victims would be alive if he had had it in his hands. His lawyer, Juan Manuel Martín Calvente, argued putative self-defense: that Feher believed he was under armed attack, that the plain-clothes officers had fired first, and that a "war neurosis" rooted in his childhood left him unable to reason when he panicked. The prosecutor, Carmen Continente, said he had acted with complete cold blood. Lawyers for the families and for Guardia Civil and farmers' associations supported her.
On April 22, 2021, after more than 40 hours of deliberation, the jury unanimously found him guilty of all three murders. It found treachery in each killing and that he killed to avoid being caught for earlier crimes; for the two officers it also found cruelty and that he knew they were officers. It did not find that he belonged to a criminal gang in Spain. He heard the verdict in court. A lawyer for the families asked him directly whether he would give the families back their loved ones; no reply was reported.
On April 29, 2021, the presiding judge, Fermín Hernández Gironella, sentenced him to 25 years for the murder of José Luis Iranzo, 25 years for the murder of Víctor Romero and, because Spanish law reserves the penalty for the killing of more than two people, revisable permanent prison for the murder of Víctor Jesús Caballero, the third in time. He received five years for each of three robberies with violence (the pickup and the officers' weapons and equipment); the attacks on authority were absorbed into the murders. He was acquitted of the weapons charge, already punished in the Albalate case, and of criminal organization. He cannot seek suspension of the sentence before serving at least 30 years, and he cannot be moved to open conditions for at least 22. He was ordered to pay more than 3 million euros: 300,000 euros to each widow or partner, 200,000 euros to each child, 80,000 euros to each parent, 50,000 euros to each sibling, and a further 1 million euros for Iranzo's lost earnings. It was the first sentence of revisable permanent prison in the province of Teruel. Feher declared himself insolvent.
His lawyer appealed, arguing that the verdict and the judgment were insufficiently reasoned, that the scene had not been secured so the evidence could have been altered, that he had not known the men were officers, and that he had acted in self-defense; for Iranzo he asked for a homicide conviction or a retrial. On October 8, 2021, the Civil and Criminal Chamber of the High Court of Aragon rejected every ground. In May 2022 the Supreme Court, with Andrés Martínez Arrieta as reporting judge, dismissed his cassation appeal, holding that the jury's reasoning was sufficient and that the attack on the officers was a surprise attack from behind in which he emptied both pistols. The convictions are final.
Spanish prison authorities classify Feher as extremely dangerous and have kept him in isolation and moved him often, a standard practice for such prisoners to stop them building networks. By May 2022 he had been held in Teruel, Zuera, Teixeiro in A Coruña, La Moraleja at Dueñas in Palencia, and A Lama in Pontevedra, and on May 31, 2022, he was moved to Madrid VII at Estremera.
In April 2021, days before the Teruel trial, he refused to leave his cell at Dueñas for a transfer and attacked five prison officers with a sharpened piece of tile; all five needed treatment. A message in Italian found in his cell said that time was only a window and death only a door, and that he would come back for each of them. In March 2023, at Estremera, he wounded another officer in the face with a fragment of floor tile. On July 26, 2023, a criminal court in Palencia sentenced him under a plea agreement to four years for the Dueñas attack and ordered 51,500 euros in compensation; in a ruling reported in January 2024, the provincial court in Palencia made the state liable to pay if he could not, finding that managers had known how dangerous he was and had not protected staff properly. Sky TG24 reported in July 2023 that he had been moved to the prison in Huelva, his fifth in Spain by its count.
As of October 18, 2026, Feher is serving revisable permanent prison in Spain. In July 2023 he was reported to be held in Huelva prison. There has been no report of a transfer to Italy, where his life sentence is also final. The earliest point at which a Spanish court could consider suspending his sentence is after 30 years in custody, counted from December 2017.
Because Feher has no assets, the families have turned to the state. On September 29, 2025, La Comarca reported that the National Court had ordered the Interior Ministry to pay the 560,000 euros the Teruel court awarded the families of the two officers: 300,000 euros to Caballero's partner, 160,000 euros to Romero's parents and 100,000 euros to his two brothers. It was the first time the principle that the state must cover harm suffered by its officers in service had been applied to officers who were killed.
Iranzo's union has not let the case fade. On the eighth anniversary, December 14, 2025, UAGA-COAG named the meeting room of its new headquarters the José Luis Iranzo Room and renewed its call for better security in rural areas. The Siempre Iranzo group said its questions about the nine days between the Albalate shooting and the killings still had no official answer.
Proven and final: the murders of Davide Fabbri and Valerio Verri and the attempted murder of Marco Ravaglia (Italy); the murders of José Luis Iranzo, Víctor Romero and Víctor Jesús Caballero and the two attempted homicides at Albalate del Arzobispo (Spain).
Investigated, never charged: the killing of Salvatore Chianese, 42, a security guard shot with a shotgun near Ravenna in late December 2015. Italian investigators looked at Feher because of the method and because a phone he used had connected to a nearby cell in July 2015, but the guard's Beretta was not among his weapons, he denied the killing at his Italian trial, and Il Resto del Carlino reported in 2023 that the lead had collapsed. He was never charged.
Not supported: claims that he took part in the September 2015 killing of Pier Luigi Tartari. The Carabinieri said they had no evidence he was present.
Not established: his claims of military, paramilitary or intelligence service; any accomplice in his escape from Italy (the Teruel court called reports of an Italian criminal group helping him hypotheses that could not serve as evidence); and how and when he crossed into Spain.
Details that vary between sources: the date of the Consandolo theft of the guard's pistol (March 29 to 30, 2017, in most reports; one later report says April 30); the length of his 2011 Italian sentence (five years and four months, or five years and eight months); the number of guards hurt at Dueñas (four or five); and the reason Iranzo was at the farm (to collect his father, according to the Teruel court, or to help the search, according to early press reports).
1981: Norbert Feher is born; he grows up in Subotica, Serbia.
2007: first convicted in Italy after bow-and-arrow robberies; about two years in prison.
September 2010: expulsion order issued in Rovigo.
December 12, 2010: arrested in a farmhouse near the Marmorta reserve.
May 2011: convicted of robbery in Ferrara; second expulsion order; neither is carried out.
2011: Serbia issues a European arrest warrant in the name Norbert Feher.
July to August 2015: robberies of isolated houses in the Ferrara countryside.
Late 2015: released early; held at the Bari expulsion center, then freed when no country accepts him.
December 2015: security guard Salvatore Chianese is killed near Ravenna (Feher later investigated, never charged).
March 29 to 30, 2017: a security guard's pistol is stolen at Consandolo.
April 1, 2017: Davide Fabbri, 52, is shot dead in his bar at Riccardina di Budrio.
April 8, 2017: Valerio Verri, 63, is shot dead and Marco Ravaglia wounded near Portomaggiore; the manhunt begins.
May 2017: Italian police lose track of him.
September 2017: by his account, he is in Spain.
November 18, 2017: begins hiding in farm buildings between Andorra and Albalate del Arzobispo.
December 5, 2017: shoots and wounds two men at Albalate del Arzobispo.
December 14, 2017: shoots dead José Luis Iranzo, 40, and Guardia Civil officers Víctor Romero, 30, and Víctor Jesús Caballero.
December 15, 2017: arrested between Cantavieja and Mirambel after crashing Iranzo's pickup.
December 17, 2017: remanded in custody in Alcañiz.
October 31, 2018: tells a Bologna judge he does not want a public trial.
January 30, 2019: testifies by video to the Bologna court.
March 25, 2019: life imprisonment in Bologna.
January 29, 2020: 21 years in Teruel for the Albalate shootings.
May 27, 2020: Bologna appeal court confirms life imprisonment.
April 2021: attacks prison officers at Dueñas.
April 12, 2021: Teruel jury trial opens.
April 22, 2021: jury finds him guilty of three murders.
April 29, 2021: revisable permanent prison and two 25-year terms.
October 8, 2021: High Court of Aragon rejects his appeal.
November 2, 2021: Court of Cassation makes the Italian life sentence final.
May 2022: Spanish Supreme Court confirms the Teruel sentence.
May 31, 2022: moved from A Lama to Estremera.
March 2023: wounds an officer at Estremera.
July 26, 2023: four years in Palencia for the Dueñas attack; later reported held in Huelva.
September 29, 2025: National Court orders the state to pay the officers' families.
December 14, 2025: eighth anniversary; UAGA-COAG names a room for José Luis Iranzo.
October 18, 2026: serving his sentence in Spain; no later change found.