A cold case is not an empty file. It is usually a full one: autopsy reports, interview transcripts, evidence logs, a name or two that was looked at and set aside. What it lacks is a reader who comes to it without the conclusions of the people who first wrote it. Eight such files, from Philadelphia to Paris, were closed, shelved or stalled for years, in some instances for decades, and each moved again because someone new picked it up: a police sergeant in Philadelphia, a state agent in Minnesota, a detective on a grant-funded sweep of old Denver files, a prosecutor’s investigator in New Jersey, a district attorney’s investigator in Tennessee, a cold case detective in Los Angeles and a Texas Ranger, a one-man cold case unit in Maryland, and an examining judge in Paris.
Sometimes the new reader had a tool the first investigators lacked, usually DNA. More often the decisive thing was older and plainer. An alibi had been checked against the wrong man’s time card. A suspect had been shown the wrong photograph. A telephone call that cleared a man had been made by someone else. In every case the legal result was shaped by how long the file had waited, and in several the answer came too late for any court to give it.
Between 1949 and 1968, eight of Marie and Arthur Noe’s ten children died in infancy in North Philadelphia. None lived longer than 14 months. Two other daughters, one stillborn and one who lived six hours, died of natural causes that no one later questioned. The eight deaths were recorded at the time as natural or undetermined, and the Noes were pitied, not suspected, by most of the public. In 1963 Life magazine told their story under invented names. In January 1968 Newsweek quoted the city’s chief medical examiner as saying he had "absolutely no evidence indicating an unnatural death," and that year a veteran homicide detective, Joseph Schimpf, concluded there was no evidence of murder. Privately, several doctors and investigators had their doubts. None of those doubts became a charge.
The case came back through a book. In 1997 Richard Firstman and Jamie Talan published The Death of Innocents, an account of the Waneta Hoyt case in upstate New York and of infant deaths wrongly filed as natural; it mentioned the Noe family without naming them. Stephen Fried, a staff writer at Philadelphia magazine, traced its bibliography to old clippings and then to the couple themselves, still living in West Kensington. He sought out the doctors who had worried about the children decades earlier. Dr. Marie Valdes-Dapena, the pediatric pathologist who had performed one of the autopsies in 1958 and had since become one of the country’s leading researchers on sudden infant death, told him she was "99 percent sure that these deaths were not a natural happening."
When Fried took his questions to the police, Sergeant Larry Nodiff of the homicide unit’s Special Investigations Unit reopened the case in October 1997, without announcement. Nodiff went through the old records with Valdes-Dapena, with Dr. Halbert Fillinger, who had handled a 1963 death as an assistant medical examiner, and with Joe McGillen, a medical examiner’s investigator from the 1960s who had kept copies of the Noe files for decades and now turned them over to the police.
On the evening of March 25, 1998, Nodiff and two detectives asked the Noes to come to police headquarters. Detective Stephen Vivarina led Marie Noe’s interview, which ran about 11 hours, until about five in the morning. She signed a statement saying she had killed her babies. She described four of the deaths and said she could not remember the other four, though she did not deny them. "I knew what I was doing was very wrong," she told the detectives. She was arrested on August 5, 1998, and charged with eight counts of murder.
A trial thirty years after the last death would have been hard to win. There was no physical evidence, the confession was open to challenge, and many of the original witnesses were gone. In 1999, before Judge William Mazzola of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas, Noe pleaded guilty to second-degree murder in all eight deaths. On the prosecution’s recommendation she was sentenced to 20 years of probation, the first five under electronically monitored house arrest, with a condition that psychiatric experts study her. Arthur Noe was never charged. Marie Noe died on May 5, 2016, at 87. By then Nodiff had risen to staff inspector, and he and Fried had received medals from the Vidocq Society, the Philadelphia club of investigators who examine old unsolved crimes.
On December 15, 1978, Alice Huling and three of her children, Susie, 16, Wayne, 13, and Patti, 12, were killed near Clearwater, in rural Stearns County, Minnesota. Her youngest son, 11, survived. Four days later a Wright County deputy picked up a drifter named Joseph Ture Jr. at Clearwater on a stolen-car charge. Stearns County officers questioned him, and on tape he was evasive about where he had been on the night of the killings. He was released on January 4, 1979. He stayed a suspect, but no one was charged, and items taken from the car went into storage, where they stayed for two decades.
In May 1979 Marlys Wohlenhaus, 18, was killed in Afton, in Washington County. Ture became a suspect in her death as well and was ruled out, because investigators believed he had been at work at the Ford plant in St. Paul that day. CBS News later reported that the alibi stood for about 20 years.
Ture was convicted of the first-degree murder of Diane Edwards, 19, of West St. Paul, who was killed in 1980, and he has been in prison since 1981. In the Sherburne County jail that year he signed a four-page confession, written out by a fellow inmate, that covered both the Wohlenhaus and Huling killings. He said afterward that the pages had been blank when he signed them. Police questioned him about it, and nothing followed.
In the early 1990s Special Agent Everett Doolittle of the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension’s cold case unit took up the Wohlenhaus murder. The 1981 jail letter put Ture back at the center of it, and Doolittle went back to the alibi that had cleared him. It came apart on a name. When investigators checked the plant’s records in 1979, they had looked at the work schedule of Joseph Ture Sr., his father, who also worked at Ford. The Joe Ture who signed in that day was not the man in prison. With the alibi gone, he became the chief suspect in both the Afton and Clearwater cases, five months apart.
A Washington County grand jury indicted him in 1996. In September 1998 a jury convicted him of first-degree premeditated murder in the death of Marlys Wohlenhaus, and he was sentenced to life, consecutive to his other terms. That August, an inmate at the Oak Park Heights prison had told the authorities that Ture had confessed to the Huling killings. State investigators then went back to Alice Huling’s surviving son, by then grown and serving in the Navy, a witness the sheriff’s office had not asked in 1978 about the items taken from Ture’s car. He identified one of them as his own. A Stearns County grand jury indicted Ture on four counts of first-degree murder in May 1999, and in January 2000 a jury convicted him on all four. He received four consecutive life sentences. The Minnesota Supreme Court affirmed the Huling convictions on August 16, 2001, and in June 2004 affirmed the denial of postconviction relief in the Wohlenhaus case.
Ture has never accepted any of it. "I did not do any of these murders," he told APM Reports in 2016, and he said he had been framed so that the authorities could close their cold cases. A retired Stearns County detective, Lou Leland, gave the same reporters the opposite verdict: "He did the deed." On January 13, 2026, Minnesota’s Supervised Release Board voted unanimously to deny him parole and continued his case for 20 years. In October 2026 the Department of Corrections listed him at the Minnesota Correctional Facility at Lino Lakes.
Vincent Groves died in the custody of the Colorado Department of Corrections on October 31, 1996, at 42, with three homicide convictions. In 1982 he was convicted of second-degree murder in the 1981 death of Tammy Sue Woodrum, 17. Paroled in 1987, he was convicted in 1990 of killing Juanita Lovato, 19, in Adams County and Diann Mancera, 25, in Douglas County, cases the Douglas County Sheriff’s Office counts among the earliest successful uses of DNA evidence in Colorado courts. In between, in February 1989, a jury acquitted him of attempting to kill a woman who survived an attack in Denver; the judge had refused to let prosecutors tell the jury about eight killings investigators linked to him. According to the Associated Press, the prosecutor who tried to bring that evidence in was Mitch Morrissey. Before Groves died, Denver detectives asked him to tell them what had happened to the women he was suspected of killing. He refused.
The file that changed this began as paperwork. In March 2010 Sergeant Anthony Parisi of the Denver Police Department applied for a federal grant called "Solving Cold Cases with DNA." The Justice Department approved it that September, and it paid for a review of more than 250 unsolved Denver murders from 1970 to 1984, according to 5280 magazine and CBS4 in Denver. Detective Mylous Yearling joined the cold case unit the same year.
Two of the cases he took up were those of Emma Jenefor, 25, who worked for a film distribution company and was killed in Denver in March 1979, and Peggy Cuff, 20, who worked at a collections agency and was killed in November 1979. Suspect DNA from both cases had never produced a match in the national CODIS database. Yearling first pursued a man Emma Jenefor had dated, and a DNA comparison cleared him in June 2011. He then turned to the case of Joyce Ramey, 23, killed in July 1979, and saw Groves’s name in the old file. In September 2011 he asked the Colorado Bureau of Investigation for Groves’s DNA profile; it had none. On October 5, 2011, at a meeting with other agencies, he learned that the Lakewood police might still hold Groves’s DNA from the Woodrum case. A Lakewood sergeant supplied the report, the profiles matched, and the Denver crime laboratory confirmed the match to the Cuff and Jenefor cases. In January 2012 the laboratory added Ramey.
On February 9, 2012, the Denver District Attorney’s Office cleared those three killings and a fourth, that of Pamela Montgomery, 35, killed in Denver in August 1988, where the evidence was circumstantial: a witness and a description of his car. Five days later Yearling and Parisi met the families. "We wanted to let you know that we didn’t give up," Yearling told Peggy Cuff’s brother. On March 7, 2012, Morrissey, by then Denver’s district attorney, stood with Police Chief Robert White to announce the four attributions. He spoke of as many as 20 victims. None of the four cases was ever tried; the man they were attributed to had died in prison in 1996.
The review did not end with Denver. Rhonda Marie Fisher, 30, had died in rural Douglas County, her death coming to light on April 1, 1987. The sheriff’s office had looked at the case periodically for nearly four decades, and DNA testing in 2017 had produced no complete profile. In early 2025 its Cold Case Unit reopened the file and went through every item with a forensic scientist from the Unified Metropolitan Forensic Crime Laboratory. Evidence collected in 1987 and never tested was sent to the laboratory. In late October 2025 CODIS returned a case-to-case match to the three 1979 Denver killings. On December 2, 2025, Sheriff Darren Weekly closed the case. "While Vincent Groves cannot be held accountable in a court of law," he said, he hoped the result would bring answers and a measure of peace to her family. In law the Fisher death, like the four Denver deaths, is attributed, not proven.
Richard Cottingham, a computer operator from Bergen County, New Jersey, was arrested in Hasbrouck Heights on May 22, 1980. At trials in Bergen County and Manhattan in the early 1980s he was convicted of five murders: those of Valerie Ann Street and Maryann Carr in New Jersey, and of Deedeh Goodarzi; a young woman who has never been identified; and Jean Reyner in New York City. For the next three decades that was the public record of his crimes.
The man who changed it was Robert Anzilotti, who began working cold cases for the Bergen County Prosecutor’s Office in the early 2000s and spent about 17 years on Cottingham, Rolling Stone reported. The work was slow and transactional. Anzilotti talked with him for about six years before Cottingham admitted, in 2010, the 1967 killing of Nancy Schiava Vogel, 29, a mother of two from Little Ferry. The admission was made after hours in a Bergen County courthouse, with her children present. Afterward, Anzilotti recalled, Cottingham told him, "You’ll never get me to do this again." It took about two years before he would talk again.
He did. Anzilotti pieced together three more Bergen County killings from small details Cottingham let slip: Jacalyn Harp, 13, of Midland Park, in July 1968; Irene Blase, 18, of Bogota, in April 1969; and Denise Falasca, 15, of Closter, in July 1969. The cases were closed quietly by agreement with the families, and the prosecutor’s office confirmed on January 3, 2020, that they had been cleared. None was charged.
On April 14, 2021, Cottingham gave Anzilotti, by then the Bergen County Prosecutor’s Office chief of detectives, a sworn statement confessing to the 1974 murders of Mary Ann Pryor, 17, and Lorraine Marie Kelly, 16, of North Bergen. Thirteen days later, at 74, appearing by video from prison in a wheelchair, he pleaded guilty to two counts of first-degree murder before Superior Court Judge Keith Bachmann. Anzilotti was days from retirement. He told reporters that Cottingham enjoyed making cold case detectives work for each confession and had said he would not have confessed publicly if Anzilotti were not leaving. Mary Ann Pryor’s sister said after the hearing that she had waited nearly 50 years for answers.
Other investigators took the same road. Nassau County prosecutors on Long Island matched Cottingham’s DNA to the 1968 killing of Diane Cusick, 23, a dance teacher, and on December 5, 2022, he pleaded guilty to her second-degree murder and was sentenced to 25 years to life. As part of the plea he admitted four more Long Island killings from 1972 and 1973, those of Mary Beth Heinz, Laverne Moye, Sheila Heiman and Maria Emerita Rosado Nieves, and the district attorney agreed not to prosecute them. District Attorney Anne Donnelly said detectives had withheld the details of those cases from him so that his account could be checked against them.
The most recent reopening came from the smallest department. In 2021 the Fair Lawn police, under Chief Glen Cauwels, reopened the 1965 death of Alys Eberhardt, 18, a nursing student, which by then was the only unsolved homicide on the town’s books. Detective Brian Rypkema and Sergeant Eric Eleshewich spent more than 50 hours talking with Cottingham. "He would give us little clues, things of that nature," Eleshewich told ABC7 New York. In late 2025, his health failing, Cottingham admitted the killing and gave the detectives details that had never been made public. The department announced the confession on January 6, 2026, and closed the case without charges under earlier agreements with prosecutors. As of January 2026 he was 79 and held at South Woods State Prison in Bridgeton, New Jersey.
Pamela Rose Aldridge McCall was 32, from Topping, Virginia, and pregnant. Her death came to light in Spring Hill, in Maury County, Tennessee, on March 10, 1991, and it took the Spring Hill Police Department until April 9 to learn who she was. Officer Ron Coleman, assigned the case, promised her mother that he would not rest until the person responsible was caught. Cowboy State Daily later reported that he kept a detailed record of every interview and lead. The leads ran out. Coleman retired as an assistant chief in 2002, and the case went cold.
A year after McCall’s death, two more women died in Wyoming. One, her death coming to light east of Rock Springs on March 1, 1992, became known as "Bitter Creek Betty." The other, a young pregnant woman whose death came to light north of Sheridan on April 13, 1992, became "I-90 Jane Doe." Neither could be identified. In 2007 the Wyoming State Crime Laboratory produced a full male DNA profile, and in April 2012 it matched the same man to both cases. He had no name.
In 2019, at the request of the Spring Hill Police Department, Tommy Goetz, an investigator with Tennessee’s 22nd Judicial District Attorney’s Office, reopened the McCall case. He sent swabs from the 1991 evidence to the Tennessee crime laboratory, and the profile it developed went into CODIS. In May 2019 Wyoming was notified of a match: the Tennessee profile was the same as its own. Investigators in both states turned to genetic genealogy, and the leads pointed to Clark Perry Baldwin, a long-haul truck driver living in Waterloo, Iowa. A covertly collected sample of his DNA matched all three cases. On May 6, 2020, Goetz and a Wyoming Division of Criminal Investigation agent went to Waterloo, and Baldwin was arrested there that day and charged with first-degree murder in Tennessee and in Sweetwater and Sheridan counties, Wyoming.
While he waited for trial, the Wyoming women got their names back through the same genealogy methods. In 2022 Bitter Creek Betty was identified as Irene Vasquez. On July 17, 2025, the Wyoming DCI announced that I-90 Jane Doe was Cindi Arleen Estrada, who was 21 when she died and had been born in Torrance, California.
A Maury County jury convicted Baldwin of the first-degree murder of Pamela McCall in May 2025, and he was sentenced to life in prison. Coleman, the retired assistant chief, said in the department’s statement that he had been able to put the cuffs on Baldwin, "ending my 34-year search." Pamela McCall’s mother had died while the case waited for trial, but Coleman had told her of the arrest before she died, WSMV reported. Baldwin died in a Tennessee hospital on July 18, 2025, two days after a heart attack, with a motion for a new trial still unheard and before he could be moved to Wyoming. The two Wyoming murder charges were never tried. "We know what happened to Irene. And we know who did it," said the Sweetwater County attorney, Dan Erramouspe, a prosecutor’s view that no Wyoming jury ever tested.
By 2012 Samuel Little had been arrested in some two dozen states since the 1950s, for theft, assault, drugs and other offenses. He had been charged with murder twice in the 1980s and walked free both times: a Mississippi grand jury declined to indict him, and a Florida jury acquitted him in January 1984. He had never been convicted of a killing.
In April 2012 Detective Mitzi Roberts of the Los Angeles Police Department’s Robbery-Homicide Division cold case unit received a DNA match, through California’s offender databank, that linked the 1989 killings of Audrey Nelson, 35, and Guadalupe Apodaca, 46, to each other and then to Little. The screening had been paid for by a National Institute of Justice grant, the department said. Little was arrested in Louisville, Kentucky, on September 5, 2012, on a Los Angeles narcotics warrant and returned to California, and in November DNA tied him to the 1987 killing of Carol Alford, 41. In January 2013 Los Angeles County prosecutors charged him with three counts of murder. A jury convicted him of all three on September 2, 2014, and on September 25 he was sentenced to three consecutive terms of life without parole. He shouted at the sentencing that he had not done it.
The second reopening came from Texas. In 2018 the FBI’s Violent Criminal Apprehension Program flagged Little in connection with the unsolved 1994 death of Denise Christie Brothers in Odessa and referred the case to the Texas Rangers. Ranger James Holland began interviewing him that year, and over more than 700 hours Little described 93 killings between 1970 and 2005. He remembered faces, places, cars and clothes far better than dates, and the Rangers warned that his years could be off by more than a decade. In December 2018 he pleaded guilty in Odessa to the Brothers murder and received another life term.
Holland’s interviews turned Little into a cold case resource for detectives across the country. On December 20, 2018, Detective Kevin Allen of the Alachua County Sheriff’s Office cold case unit in Florida became the first of ten detectives to question him at the Wise County jail in Decatur, Texas, Mainstreet Daily News reported. On August 23, 2019, Little pleaded guilty in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, to two counts of aggravated murder in the deaths of Mary Jo Peyton and Rose Evans, and in Hamilton County to the killings of Anna Stewart and an unidentified woman. That brought his convictions to eight. In October 2019 the FBI said it believed all 93 confessions were credible and that 50 had been verified. Little died in custody on December 30, 2020, at 80. The Texas Department of Public Safety was still asking the public in December 2021 to help put names to the women he had described and investigators had not identified. All but eight of the killings were never tried.
Roseann Sturtz, known as Ann, was 20 when she was reported missing on August 24, 1975. Her death came to light in Columbia, in Howard County, Maryland, on December 15, 1975, and coworkers helped identify her after a sketch ran in a newspaper. She had four sisters. The case went unsolved.
In 1981 Howard County detectives interviewed Charles William Davis Jr., who had been held at the Jessup Correctional Institution since 1978 and was serving three consecutive life terms for the murders of Kathleen Cook and Lydia Victoria Norman in 1975 and Peggy Ellen Pumpian in 1976. They recorded the conversation. Davis did not identify Sturtz from the photograph he was shown, which The Baltimore Banner later reported was her high school picture. The same year the county’s state’s attorney, William R. Hymes, signed a letter giving Davis transactional immunity, a promise that he would not be prosecuted for the killing, on the condition that he cooperated fully. Because he had not identified her, the case stayed open. In time the tape and the letter were misplaced.
Cpl. Wade Zufall, who runs the Howard County Police Department’s cold case unit, took up the Sturtz case in 2022. In the fall of 2023 he spoke to a cold case class at Loyola University Maryland, and a senior in the class chose the case for her term paper. At his suggestion she went through newspaper coverage from around 1975, read about Davis and his convictions, saw similarities to the Sturtz case and told Zufall. He then located the misplaced investigative files from the 1970s, among them an unmarked cassette of the 1981 interview and the prosecutor’s immunity letter. "He just turned out to be a really, really good suspect," Zufall told the Banner.
In 2024 Zufall interviewed Davis again, this time with a different photograph of Sturtz, taken in July 1975. Davis recognized her. "She still had the scar," he said, according to Zufall. He then confessed to killing her. On March 11, 2025, the department announced the case closed. Chief Gregory Der called it the department’s second-oldest cold case. The current state’s attorney, Rich Gibson, reaffirmed the 1981 immunity, so Davis cannot be charged with her death, and police recorded the case as exceptionally cleared. "If there’s such thing as closure, I hope I was able to provide them with that," Zufall said of the family, as reported by CBS Baltimore. The Sturtz killing has never been tried; it rests on his confession. In October 2026 the Banner reported that Loyola students had helped sort and digitize old Howard County case records through an internship Zufall set up, and that the first intern had been hired part time, doubling the size of what had been a one-person unit.
In May 2008 the assize court of the Ardennes sentenced Michel Fourniret to life imprisonment and convicted his former wife, Monique Olivier, of complicity in four of the murders, with other charges. Two cases from the Yonne, which Olivier had described to investigators, were not part of that trial. Marie-Angèle Domèce, 18 or 19, disappeared on July 8, 1988, in the Auxerre area. Joanna Parrish, 20, a British student working as an English language assistant at a school in Auxerre, was killed in the Yonne in May 1990.
After 2008 those files went to Paris, and in 2011 investigating judges closed the case against the couple for lack of evidence. In 2012 the Paris investigating judge Sabine Khéris reopened the inquiry and ordered work that had never been done; RTBF reported that Domèce’s friends and family had not been questioned by police when she disappeared. In February 2018 Fourniret, after years of denial, confessed both killings to the judge. That June Olivier withdrew her earlier retractions and confirmed the accounts she had given in 2004 and 2005.
Khéris also inherited the case of Estelle Mouzin, who was nine when she disappeared in Guermantes, east of Paris, on January 9, 2003. Fourniret’s name had come up after his arrest that June, but he had an alibi: a telephone call from his home in Belgium that day to wish his son a happy birthday, which phone records confirmed had been made. On that basis investigators ruled him out in 2007. On November 21, 2019, questioned by Khéris for almost three hours, Olivier said she had made the call herself, at her husband’s request. The alibi was gone. Fourniret was charged in the Mouzin case on November 27, 2019, and acknowledged his involvement in March 2020. Olivier was charged as an accomplice on August 21, 2020.
Fourniret died in a Paris hospital on May 10, 2021, at 79, never tried for the Domèce, Parrish or Mouzin cases. That left Olivier as the only person charged. In March 2022 the case moved to Nanterre, seat of a new national unit for serial and unsolved crimes, the pôle des crimes sériels ou non élucidés, created by a law of December 22, 2021. Khéris became its coordinating investigating judge, and the Olivier case was the first the unit sent to trial. On December 19, 2023, the assize court of the Hauts-de-Seine convicted Olivier of complicity in the abductions and murders of Marie-Angèle Domèce and Joanna Parrish and, in the Estelle Mouzin case, of sequestration followed by death, with other charges, and sentenced her to life imprisonment with a 20-year minimum term. Didier Seban, a lawyer for the Mouzin and Parrish families, called it "the end of a long fight for the families." AFP reported that, with her minimum terms combined, she would not be eligible for release before 2035.
Set side by side, the eight files show how seldom a cold case turns on genius. Doolittle in Minnesota and Khéris in Paris each broke a case by distrusting an alibi that everyone before them had accepted. Zufall in Maryland showed an old suspect a different photograph. Yearling in Denver asked a neighboring department whether it still held a sample nobody had thought to compare. Goetz in Tennessee sent swabs from 1991 to a laboratory. Nodiff in Philadelphia listened to a magazine writer and to a medical examiner’s investigator who had kept his copies for decades. Anzilotti and the Fair Lawn detectives simply kept going back.
The law was less generous with time than the investigators were. Groves died in 1996, long before Denver attributed four killings to him, and Baldwin died before Wyoming could try him. Davis confessed under a promise of immunity signed in 1981. Noe pleaded guilty to eight deaths and was sentenced to probation. Fourniret died before he could answer for the cases Khéris had revived, and his former wife was tried alone. Cottingham closed killings one at a time on terms he negotiated. Little’s eight convictions stand beside 93 confessions. What each new reader could give was an answer, and in several of these cases the answer arrived without a verdict attached to it. "We wanted to let you know that we didn’t give up," Mylous Yearling told Peggy Cuff’s brother in February 2012.
• 1949 to 1968: Eight of Marie Noe’s children die in infancy in North Philadelphia; the deaths are recorded as natural or undetermined.
• December 15, 1978: Alice Huling and three of her children are killed near Clearwater, Minnesota.
• 1979: Emma Jenefor, Joyce Ramey and Peggy Cuff are killed in Denver; Marlys Wohlenhaus is killed in Afton, Minnesota, in May.
• May 22, 1980: Richard Cottingham is arrested in Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey; five murder convictions follow in the early 1980s.
• 1981: Joseph Ture Jr. goes to prison; Howard County detectives tape an interview with Charles William Davis Jr., and the state’s attorney grants him immunity in the Sturtz case.
• March 10, 1991: Pamela McCall’s death comes to light in Spring Hill, Tennessee.
• Early 1990s: BCA Special Agent Everett Doolittle reopens the Wohlenhaus case and traces Ture’s alibi to his father’s work record.
• October 1997: Sergeant Larry Nodiff reopens the Noe case.
• March 25, 1998: Marie Noe signs a statement at Philadelphia police headquarters.
• September 1998: Ture is convicted of the Wohlenhaus murder.
• 1999: Noe pleads guilty to second-degree murder in eight deaths.
• January 2000: Ture is convicted of the four Huling murders.
• Early 2000s: Robert Anzilotti begins working Bergen County cold cases and interviewing Cottingham.
• 2008: Michel Fourniret is sentenced to life and Monique Olivier is convicted of complicity in four murders.
• 2010: Cottingham admits the killing of Nancy Schiava Vogel; Denver’s grant-funded cold case review begins.
• 2012: Judge Sabine Khéris reopens the Domèce and Parrish files in Paris.
• April 2012: Detective Mitzi Roberts receives the DNA match linking Samuel Little to two Los Angeles killings; the Wyoming laboratory links its two 1992 cases to one man.
• March 7, 2012: Denver authorities announce four killings attributed to Vincent Groves.
• September 2, 2014: A Los Angeles jury convicts Little of three murders.
• 2018: Texas Ranger James Holland begins interviewing Little; Fourniret confesses the Domèce and Parrish killings to Khéris in February.
• 2019: Tommy Goetz reopens the McCall case; a CODIS match in May links it to Wyoming.
• November 21, 2019: Olivier tells Khéris she made the alibi call in the Mouzin case.
• May 6, 2020: Clark Perry Baldwin is arrested in Waterloo, Iowa.
• December 30, 2020: Little dies in custody.
• April 27, 2021: Cottingham pleads guilty to the Pryor and Kelly murders.
• May 10, 2021: Fourniret dies, untried in the Yonne and Mouzin cases.
• 2022: Wade Zufall takes up the Sturtz case; Nassau County links Cottingham to the Cusick killing.
• December 5, 2022: Cottingham pleads guilty to the Cusick murder.
• December 19, 2023: Olivier is convicted at Nanterre.
• March 11, 2025: Howard County police close the Sturtz case.
• May 2025: Baldwin is convicted of the McCall murder; he dies on July 18, 2025.
• December 2, 2025: Douglas County attributes Rhonda Marie Fisher’s death to Groves.
• January 6, 2026: Fair Lawn police announce Cottingham’s confession to the 1965 Eberhardt killing.
• January 13, 2026: Minnesota’s Supervised Release Board denies Ture parole.